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Next to DNS, time synchronization is one of the most important dependency of Active Directory. By default, Active Directory will tolerate a plus or minus of five minutes between the clocks of your network. If the time exceeds five minutes, clients will be unable to authenticate, and replication will not occur between domain controllers.

Since time is so vital, Active Directory implements a time synchronization system based on Network Time (NTP). NTP ensures that every machine in the forest has a synchronized clock. In addition, each Windows 2000 or newer machine uses the w32time service to implement synchronize of their clocks.

Below is a outline of how Time Synchronization works.

  1. The forest root domain PDC emulator synchronizes its clock with a reliable outside time source.
  2. Every child domain PDC emulator synchronizes its clock with the PDC emulator of its parent domain.
  3. Each domain controller synchronizes its clock with the PDC emulator of its domain.
  4. Each domain computer synchronizes its clock with the domain controller it authenticates

    to.

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