No you don't. The slide Trombone is a brass instrument and it can be played without using the fingers. At least, you do not have to use the fingers in order to articulate individual notes. All you need is to be able to move the slide forward and back swiftly and accurately. There are valve trombones; the fingers are needed to play them.
No, the bugle does not have any keys. Changes in notes and sounds are all done with the lips and breath.
Brass instruments do not have reeds, some woodwind instruments do.
That's correct.
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Brass players use mutes to dampen the sound of their instruments.
Brass instruments, like most instruments, can be used for almost anything! They are most commonly used for bands and orchestras though. Trumpets and bugles, both types of brass instruments, also have a long histories of use in the military. Today, brass instruments are often taught in school bands, and can be used to teach the foundations of music!
Yes, brass instruments produce a lower pitch than woodwind instruments. Woodwind instruments use a reed to vibrate the air to produce sound, whereas brass instruments produce sound from the player's lips vibrating in a mouthpiece.
Most are, yes. The reason they're called brass instruments is because they're usually made of brass. I've seen fiberglass sousaphones and plastic trombones, but those are designed specifically for use in marching bands, as those materials aren't as affected by weather and temperature as brass.
Yes. Cork grease is usually made from the same ingredients as vasiline or chapstick. All three can be used as slide grease on brass instruments on tuning slides. Do not use it on valves or trombone slides though.
Both use air and vibration to make a musical sound.
Trombone and euphonium/baritone.
Woodwind instruments use reeded mouthpieces to produce sound (except the flute which is also woodwind). Brass instruments on the other hand do not.
Trumpets and other brass instruments use mutes in order to change the fefect of the sound. The sound goes from very loud, warm and round to much quieter and slightly sharper and squeakier.