Food, oxygen, shelter, water, and stable conditions in its environment and inside its body. That's mainly it.
If no individuals in a population are able to adapt to sudden changes in the environment, it is likely that the population will decline or face extinction. Without the ability to adapt to new conditions, the population may struggle to survive and reproduce, leading to a decrease in numbers and potentially the loss of the entire population.
Yes, certain types of cells can live without soil. Cultured cells in a laboratory setting, for example, can survive and grow in a nutrient-rich liquid medium without the need for soil. Additionally, cells in multicellular organisms can also survive without direct contact with soil as long as they can receive essential nutrients and support from their environment.
An organism can become a fossil through natural mummification, where it dries out quickly and is preserved in a dry environment. Another way is through freezing, where the organism becomes frozen in ice and is preserved in a state of suspended animation.
An organism is described as anaerobic [from the Greek word "an" (opposite) and "aerobio" (air-lived)] if it does not require oxygen in order to survive. Instead, anaerobic organisms use anaerobic respiration to obtain energy from food. Most anaerobic organisms are microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and internal parasites that live in places where there is never much oxygen, such as in the mud at the bottom of a lake or pond, or in the alimentary canal. Anaerobic organisms release much less of the available energy from their food than do aerobic organisms.
No, the atmosphere is crucial for Earth's survival as it protects us from harmful solar radiation, regulates the planet's temperature, and provides the oxygen needed for life to exist. Without the atmosphere, Earth would resemble a barren and inhospitable environment similar to other airless planets like Mars.
Adaptation
An anaerobe is an organism that thrives in an environment without oxygen. Facultative anaerobes prefer an oxygen-free environment but can survive in the presence of oxygen. Obligate anaerobes are destroyed by oxygen and cannot survive if it is present in their environment.
Reproduction
All organisms can reproduce. Without it species can't survive.
Bacteria need a host to survive because they rely on the host's nutrients and environment to grow and reproduce. Without a host, bacteria may not have access to essential resources needed for their survival.
A trait that confers a survival or reproductive advantage is known as an adaptation. These traits are typically passed down from generation to generation through natural selection, leading to better fitness and success in a specific environment relative to individuals lacking that trait.
I believe what you're referring to is natural selection. In short, yes it does. Certain organisms have characteristics that allow them to survive more efficiently in a certain environment than other organisms of the same species. As a result, these organisms survive to reproduce, thus passing on these efficient variations to their offspring, and so the cycle continues. The organism without these variations is less likely to survive, meaning it will be unable to reproduce and pass on it's characteristics. Eventually, this will cycle out the characteristics or variations that aren't adequate for surviving in said environment, and only the well-equipped will survive. This process is more commonly known as "survival of the fittest."
No for the simple reason that, on Earth, there are no ecosystems with only one single organism present. Perhaps in some hypothetical scenario an organism may survive without other organisms present, but it would be an artificially created/maintained environment.
Because, no environment can survive without water.
For natural selection to occur, there must be variation in traits within a population, as these variations can affect an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Additionally, the traits must be heritable, meaning they can be passed down to the next generation. There must also be differential survival and reproduction, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without. Lastly, the environment must exert pressure that favors certain traits over others.
Because, no environment can survive without water.
Adaptations help organisms to survive and reproduce in their environment by increasing their chances of finding food, avoiding predators, and successfully reproducing. Without adaptations, organisms may not be able to thrive in their specific environment and could become extinct. Adaptations can be physical, behavioral, or physiological changes that improve an organism's chances of survival.