I searched for properties of
1" x 3" 11 gauge rectangular steel tubing, but that is an odd size. We
will have to calculate the section modulus (excluding corner radius):
S = bd^3 - b1d1^3/6d
b = 1"
d = 3"
b1 = 1 - 2x0.091 = 0.818
d1 = 3 - 2x0.091 = 2.818
S = [(1 x 3^3) - (0.818 x 2.818^3)] / (6 x 3) = 0.483 in^3
M (maximum bending moment) = [P (point load) x l (length)] / 4
Solving for P:
P = 4M/l
M = s x S
Where:
s (allowable bending stress) = .55 x yield strength of steel
To be conservative we will assume that the steel you have is 30,000 psi
M = .55 x 30,000 x 0.483 = 7,969 in-lb
P = 4 x 7,969 / 72 in = 442#
bending stress also depends upon the geometry of object ,as it is given by
BENDING STRESS/DISTANCE FROM THE NEUTRAL AXIS
=
BENDING MOMENT / MOMENT OF INERTIA
But to solve the problems related to object made of c-45 steel ,the maximum stress is taken as 140 mpa.
Section Modulus.
it is directly proportional.
folds-bending of the rocks without breaking faults-fracture of rocks with displacement joints-fracture of rocks wihtout displacement joints affect the resistance of rocks and making it subscitible to weathering
An anticline doesn't necessarily have to be a mountain. But it is made by bending the rock layers, creating a concave curve in the rock. Anticlines are some of the best traps for resources like oil and gas on earth.
diffraction
Refraction
The bending stress in a beam is inversely proportional to the section modulus.
From the Hooke law, stress s is proportional to strain e; s = Ee where E is elastic modulus of the material; the stress is the bending stress which varies from plus on one surface to minus on the opposite surface.
allowable bending stress for en8
allowable bending stress for en8
no
stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportional limit. Their ratio is young's modulus.
-> when a structural body gets deviated from its original position or from its centroidal axis due to externally applied load,then it is termed as BENDING->DIRECT STRESS is the stress which act normal to the plane-> stress and bending are the two different things. stress produced by load per area & bending is the effect produced by load and stress.
direct stress is a stress normal to the cross section, A, and is the result of an axial load, P. direct stress = P/A Bending stress also acts normal to the cross section but varies from tension on one side and compression on the other. and is the result of a bending moment, M. bending stress = Mc/I where I is the area moment of inertia and c the distance from outer fiber to neutral axis
Stress changes the shape or breaks (fractures) rocks whereas bending leads to folding
Folding
Folding
Folding