I searched for properties of
1" x 3" 11 gauge rectangular steel tubing, but that is an odd size. We
will have to calculate the section modulus (excluding corner radius):
S = bd^3 - b1d1^3/6d
b = 1"
d = 3"
b1 = 1 - 2x0.091 = 0.818
d1 = 3 - 2x0.091 = 2.818
S = [(1 x 3^3) - (0.818 x 2.818^3)] / (6 x 3) = 0.483 in^3
M (maximum bending moment) = [P (point load) x l (length)] / 4
Solving for P:
P = 4M/l
M = s x S
Where:
s (allowable bending stress) = .55 x yield strength of steel
To be conservative we will assume that the steel you have is 30,000 psi
M = .55 x 30,000 x 0.483 = 7,969 in-lb
P = 4 x 7,969 / 72 in = 442#
Folding is usually the result of compressional stress, where rocks are squeezed together and deform due to tectonic forces. This can lead to the bending or curving of rock layers.
When rock layers bend due to stress, they undergo deformation through a process known as folding. This can result in the formation of structures like anticlines (upward-arching folds) and synclines (downward-arching folds). The degree of bending can vary from gentle folds to tight, complex structures depending on the type and amount of stress applied.
Even brittle solids have some elasticity, this allows for some bending before fracture. However rocks in the ground are complex substances and full of water, this changes their properties as compared to rocks at outcrop. Also you must understand that the forces that deform rocks are applied very slowly. Rock deformation and fracture is a very complex subject.
An outer rise earthquake occurs at a subduction zone where the descending tectonic plate bends and flexes, causing stress to build up. When this stress is released, it can result in an earthquake. Outer rise earthquakes usually happen in the deep ocean and are associated with the bending of the subducting plate.
No, temperature and concentration of oxygen are not inversely proportional. Changes in temperature can affect the solubility of oxygen in water, but the relationship is not strictly inverse. The solubility of oxygen generally decreases with increasing temperature.
Yes, bending stress is directly proportional to the section modulus. A larger section modulus indicates that the cross-sectional shape of the member is better at resisting bending, leading to lower bending stress. Conversely, a smaller section modulus results in higher bending stress for the same applied bending moment.
From the Hooke law, stress s is proportional to strain e; s = Ee where E is elastic modulus of the material; the stress is the bending stress which varies from plus on one surface to minus on the opposite surface.
allowable bending stress for en8
allowable bending stress for en8
no
The internal bending moment formula used to calculate bending stress in a beam is M I / c, where M is the bending moment, is the bending stress, I is the moment of inertia, and c is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber of the beam.
-> when a structural body gets deviated from its original position or from its centroidal axis due to externally applied load,then it is termed as BENDING->DIRECT STRESS is the stress which act normal to the plane-> stress and bending are the two different things. stress produced by load per area & bending is the effect produced by load and stress.
stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportional limit. Their ratio is young's modulus.
direct stress is a stress normal to the cross section, A, and is the result of an axial load, P. direct stress = P/A Bending stress also acts normal to the cross section but varies from tension on one side and compression on the other. and is the result of a bending moment, M. bending stress = Mc/I where I is the area moment of inertia and c the distance from outer fiber to neutral axis
Stress changes the shape or breaks (fractures) rocks whereas bending leads to folding
Folding
Folding