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The number of electrons in the valence shell can be determined by the maximum capacity of each orbital: 1:2 slots, 2:8 slots, 3:8 slots, 4:16 slots, 5:16 slots, 6:32 slots. For example, an atom with an atomic number of 12 would would have 2 electrons in the 3rd orbital (The first is filled up with 2 electrons, the second with 8, thus two are left over in the third).

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