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Unlike the people of Columbus's time, many scientists in Hellenistic times knew that the Earth was round.

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How did scientist of Hellenistic times differ from scientists of Columbus's time in their thinking about the earth?

They did not. It is often thought that until Columbus' travels, people thought that the world was flat. But they didn't. Every medieval scientist and sailor knew that it was round. And it was the ancient Greek scientists that had not only already figured this out 2,500 years earlier, but they had - with astonishing precision - calculated the Earth's exact circumference and size. And both groups of scientists had more or less equal knowledge of the empires (and products) of the Far East. There had been extensive overland contact with them for thousands of years. The only (small) difference was that to the ancient Greeks, the geography outside the Mediterranean world was little known, and to the scientist in Columbus' time, just a little more: the coasts of Africa had been explored and partially mapped by then. And the Portuguese knew how they had to navigate from there to get to India and China. It was for that reason that the Portuguese refused to fund Columbus when he first approached them. They looked at his maps and calculations and decided that these estimated the size of the globe at less than 2/3rds of its real size - and that he therefore would never find India where he thought it would be. Columbus by the way refused to ever acknowledge that he had discovered a 'new' continent. Until his dying day he maintained that he had discovered islands close to the coast of mainland India.


How did Darwin and beliefs about Earth differ from those of other scientists from his time?

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection challenged prevailing scientific beliefs about the fixed nature of species and the Earth's history. Many scientists of his time adhered to the idea of a young Earth with unchanging species, guided by divine creation. Darwin's theories proposed that species change over time through natural selection and that Earth's history extended back millions of years, which was a radical departure from prevailing scientific thought.


How did Darwins beliefs about Earth differ from those of other scientists from his time?

Darwin's beliefs about Earth differed from other scientists of his time primarily in his theory of evolution through natural selection, which proposed that species change over time in response to their environment. This challenged the prevailing view of species being unchanging and individually created by a divine entity. Darwin's ideas also emphasized the interconnectedness of all life forms through a common ancestry, which was a departure from the prevailing belief in separate, unrelated creations.


When scientists talk aboutelectromagnetic radiation what are they really describing?

Electromagnetic radiation is also known as electromagnetic waves. That are produced by the motion of electrically charged particles. Electromagnetic energy is a term used to describe all the different kinds of energies.


In what ways do rocks differ?

Rocks can differ in their composition, texture, and origin. Composition refers to the minerals present in the rock. Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains within the rock. Origin refers to how the rock was formed, whether it was through cooling of magma, cementing of sediments, or alteration of existing rocks.

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