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There are three main forces that drive deformation within the Earth. These forces create stress, and they act to change the shape and/or volume of a material. The following diagrams show the three main types of stress: compressional, tensional, and shear. Stress causes the build up of strain, which causes the deformation of rocks and the Earth's crust.

Compressional stresses cause a rock to shorten. Tensional stresses cause a rock to elongate, or pull apart. Shearstresses causes rocks to slip past each other.

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