JJ Thompson passed an electric current through a gas at low pressure from the negative terminal to the positive terminal then decided that the ration is always the same regardless the gas used.
Chlorine is smaller in size as compare to Bromine so its electronegativity or electrons attracting ability is higher which is responsible for the loss of electrons from other atoms hence it is strong oxidizing agent.
Chlorine is more reactive than bromine because it has a smaller atomic radius and higher effective nuclear charge, leading to stronger attraction for electrons. This makes it easier for chlorine to gain electrons and achieve a stable electron configuration through the formation of ionic or covalent bonds. Additionally, the higher electronegativity of chlorine compared to bromine also contributes to its greater reactivity in chemical reactions.
Compare the electronegativity of calcium to the electronegativity of chlorine. Find the number of electrons each will give up / accept. Balance the two. Calcium easily gives up two electrons. Chlorine easily accepts one electron.
In a normal atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. This balance is necessary for the atom to be electrically neutral.
Bromine has a larger atomic radius than chlorine. This is because as you move down a group on the periodic table, the atomic radius generally increases due to the addition of more electron shells. Bromine is lower in the same group as chlorine (Group 17 or 7A), so it has a larger atomic radius.
the results are the same regardless of the gas
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity out of oxygen and chlorine, with a value of 4. Oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.44 and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.16. This means that fluorine has a stronger tendency to attract electrons compared to oxygen and chlorine.
The Anode (+) is what you connect the positive voltage to The Cathode (-) is what you connect the negative voltage to.
Cl-37 : 17 protons , 20 neutrons , 17 electrons Compare with Cl-35 ; 17 protons , 18 neutrons, 17 electrons. These are two different and common isotopes of chlorine. Remember 'Different isotopes have a different number of neutrons'. Chemically they react the same.
Chlorine is smaller in size as compare to Bromine so its electronegativity or electrons attracting ability is higher which is responsible for the loss of electrons from other atoms hence it is strong oxidizing agent.
Valves, or vacuum tubes, were large, generated tremendous heat, and were prone to failure.Vacuum tubes worked much like transistors, but required a filament to heat the cathode so that electrons could flow through the plate when there were the proper grid voltages for that. If the cathode heater burned out, the cathode would not work, and the tube would need to be replaced. Comparing to a PNP or NPN transistor, the cathode would be equivalent to the emitter, the plate would compare to the base, and the grid would computer to the collector. Comparing to an FET, the cathode would be the source, the grid would compare the the gate, and the plate would compare to the drain.
The atomic radius of sulfur is larger than that of chlorine because sulfur has more electron shells, leading to a greater distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. Chlorine has a smaller atomic radius due to its fewer electron shells.
The direction of polarization of light is related to the direction of vibration of the electrons that produced it because the oscillation of the electrons creates an oscillating electric field perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light. This electric field determines the orientation of the light wave's vibration, resulting in its polarization direction.
Chlorine is more reactive than bromine because it has a smaller atomic radius and higher effective nuclear charge, leading to stronger attraction for electrons. This makes it easier for chlorine to gain electrons and achieve a stable electron configuration through the formation of ionic or covalent bonds. Additionally, the higher electronegativity of chlorine compared to bromine also contributes to its greater reactivity in chemical reactions.
The energy is higher.
The energy is higher.
fluoride chlorine