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Atom economy is the percentage of the "wanted" product(s) in a reaction against all of the other calculated "waste" product(s). The formula for atom economy is as follows:
A.E.% = mass of wanted product/total mass of products x 100
Industrial reactions clearly use vast amounts of chemical reactants and therefore there is a large quantity of waste products. These large quantities of waste would have a high environmental impact and as a result much effort and energy is required to dispose of them in a "green" way this in turn costs. So those reactions with a low atom economy produce a high percentage of waste thus costing large sums to dispose of "correctly".
However, there are many more economical factors than simply disposing of the waste products. From an industrial point of view the chemicals used as reactants are bought and thus with a low atom economy large quantities of product are wasted along with the money that could have be gained if these chemicals had reacted into the desired product.
Therefore, industrial reactions with a high atom economy are economically important because, a high atom economy means a high amount of the desired product, as there is more of this, more can be sold generating a higher profit.
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