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Natural radioactivity is exhibited by several elements, including radium, uranium, and other members of the actinide series, and by some isotopes of lighter elements, such as carbon-14, used in radioactive dating. Radioactivity may also be induced, or created artificially, by bombarding the nuclei of normally stable elements in a particle accelerator. Essentially there is no difference between these two manifestations of radioactivity.
The radiation produced during radioactivity is predominantly of three types, designated as alpha, beta, and gamma rays. These types differ in velocity, in the way in which they are affected by a magnetic field, and in their ability to penetrate or pass through matter. Other, less common, types of radioactivity are electron capture (capture of one of the orbiting atomic electrons by the unstable nucleus) and positron emission-both forms of beta decay and both resulting in the change of a proton to a neutron within the nucleus-an internal conversion, in which an excited nucleus transfers energy directly to one of the atom's orbiting electrons and ejects it from the atom.
Alpha RadiationAlpha rays have the least penetrating power, move at a slower velocity than the other types, and are deflected slightly by a magnetic field in a direction that indicates a positive charge. Alpha rays are nuclei of ordinary helium atoms (see alpha particle). Alpha decay reduces the atomic weight, or mass number, of a nucleus, while beta and gamma decay leave the mass number unchanged. Thus, the net effect of alpha radioactivity is to produce nuclei lighter than those of the original radioactive substance. For example, in the disintegration, or decay, of uranium-238 by the emission of alpha particles, radioactive thorium (formerly called ionium) is produced. The alpha decay reduces the atomic number of the nucleus by 2 and the mass number by 4:
Beta RadiationBeta rays are more penetrating than alpha rays, move at a very high speed, and are deflected considerably by a magnetic field in a direction that indicates a negative charge; analysis shows that beta rays are high-speed electrons (see beta particle; electron). In beta decay a neutron within the nucleus changes to a proton, in the process emitting an electron and an antineutrino (the antiparticle of the neutrino, a neutral particle with a small mass). The electron is immediately ejected from the nucleus, and the net result is an increase of 1 in the atomic number of the nucleus but no change in the mass number. The thorium-234 produced above experiences two successive beta decays:
Gamma RadiationGamma rays have very great penetrating power and are not affected at all by a magnetic field. They move at the speed of light and have a very short wavelength (or high frequency); thus they are a type of electromagnetic radiation (see gamma radiation). Gamma rays result from the transition of nuclei from excited states (higher energy) to their ground state (lowest energy), and their production is analogous to the emission of ordinary light caused by transitions of electrons within the atom (see atom; spectrum). Gamma decay often accompanies alpha or beta decay and affects neither the atomic number nor the mass number of the nucleus.
What else can I help you with?
Is electric field dependent of magnitude of charge?
Yes, the electric field created by a point charge is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge. As the charge increases, the electric field strength at a given distance from the charge also increases.
An electric field surrounds an electric charge What additional field surrounds a moving electric charge?
A moving electric charge produces both an electric field and a magnetic field. The magnetic field surrounds the moving charge and is perpendicular to both the direction of motion and the electric field. This combined electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations.
Which radioactive emanations have a charge of -1?
Beta particles are radioactive emanations that have a charge of -1. These particles are fast-moving electrons that are emitted during the process of beta decay by certain types of unstable atomic nuclei.
Do electric cars result in zero carbon dioxide emissions?
If electric cars are charged with renewable energy, that is, from wind, water, solar etc, then, yes, they have practically zero carbon dioxide emissions.However, most electricity today is generated largely from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), so, due to transmission losses, purely electric cars may result in more carbon dioxide emissions than petroleum fueled cars ... it's just that the emissions are shifted from the car itself to the location of the power plant used to charge it.
What will happened to the strength of electric field inside a shell of charge?
Inside a shell of charge, the electric field strength is zero, regardless of the thickness of the shell or the distribution of charge on it. This is due to the property of electrostatics known as Gauss's Law, which states that the electric field inside a closed surface enclosing a charge distribution is zero.
What radioactive emissions are not particles?
Gamma rays.
What is meant by a conserved electric charge?
One particle can turn into another particle or several other particles (particles decay, for example, much like radioactive nuclei) but electric charge is neither created nor destroyed, so no matter what happens to subatomic particles, the end result will have exactly the same amount of electric charge as there was originally. This principle is officially known as conservation of electric charge.
Which radioactive emissions is not a particle Alpha Neutron or Gamma?
Gamma.
What are the radioactive emissions that have the greatest penetrating power?
Gamma rays
Where in the atom do radioactive emissions originate?
They originate in the nucleus of the atom.
How do radioactive rays behave in an electric and magnetic field?
That will depend on their electric charge: plus and minus charged rays will behave in opposite ways while uncharged rays will not be affected at all by the fields.
What is the electric charge of an antineutron?
The electric charge of an antineutron is zero, as it is an antiparticle of a neutron which has no electric charge.
Is an electric car actually a zero emissions vehicle?
Yes electric vehicles produce Zero Emissions. The only emissions that can be created are from the utility companies to create the electricity. Of course if your using renewable energy's then there are no emissions period.
What are the kinds of electric charge?
The kinds of electric charge are positive charge and negative charge
Can radioactive decay be kept constant by electric field?
Radioactive decay can't be controlled by an electric field - or by almost anything, for that matter.
Are electric cars really emission free?
Electric cars are not completely emission-free, as their overall environmental impact depends on the source of the electricity used to charge them. If the electricity comes from renewable sources like wind or solar, the emissions are minimal. However, if it is generated from fossil fuels, there are still greenhouse gas emissions associated with their operation. Additionally, manufacturing electric vehicles, particularly their batteries, can involve significant emissions, though they typically produce lower emissions over their lifespan compared to traditional gasoline vehicles.
What is Stationary electric charge called?
A stationary electric charge is called an electric static charge.
