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Plants have evolved highly complex sensory mechanisms to monitor their surroundings and adapt their growth and development to the prevailing environmental conditions. The integration ofinformation from multiple environmental cues enables the co-ordination of development with favourable seasonal conditions and, ultimately, determines plant form. Light signals, perceived via the phytochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin photoreceptor families, are especially important environmental signals. Redundancy offunction among phytochromes and their interaction with blue light photoreceptors enhance sensitivity to light signals, facilitating the accurate detection of, and response to, environmentalfluctuations. In this review, current understanding ofArabidopsis phytochrome functions will be summarized, in particular, the interactions among thephytochromes and the integration of light signals with directional and temperature sensing mechanisms.

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Q: What are the responses of plants and animals to environmental cues?
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What is the environmental cue that synchronises flowering in plants?

Different plants have different cues. The changing seasons is one environmental cue, especially for spring flowering plants like daffodils and tulips. Other plants respond to the reletive length of day and night, or flower after obtaining a certain size. For some plants, temperatire is the cue.


What is autonomic conditioning?

Autonomic conditioning refers to the process by which the autonomic nervous system learns to respond to environmental cues and triggers. Through repeated exposure to certain stimuli, this system can become conditioned to react in a particular way without conscious control. This process is often associated with learned behaviors and emotional responses.


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Environmental probabilism provides cues as to the probability of certain outcome. The environment is a predictor for certain human outcomes.


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One example of an environmental cue is picking up a dogs leash and the dog running to the door. You do not have to tell the dog that he is going for a walk, he knows this from the leash. Other examples of environmental cues include the lighting in a restaurant, dim lighting can make you eat more, the size of your plate is another environmental cue. Putting food on a small plate will make you feel that you are eating more food.


When an experimenter unintentionally gives cues to participants about the way they are expected to behave this is an example of?

demand characteristics. These are cues or expectations that influence participants' behavior in a study. Researchers strive to minimize demand characteristics to ensure that participants behave naturally and provide genuine responses.


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Some general adaptations for flowering plants having visual and olfactory cues. These are useful for purposes of attracting pollinators.


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