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Brief note on aforestation?
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Protection of wildlife and forest?
Land purchase- One type of forest protection is the purchasing of land in order to secure it, or in order to plant trees (aforestation).On site monitoring- This involves watching over the forest to ensure nothing happens. This is usually done by cameras or patrols.Government granting it protection
How does aforestation help in maintaining the ecological balance Give any three reasons?
Afforestation means planting of more and more trees on a large scale in a given area. It helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the following ways:It plays a major role in enhancing quality of environment by modifying the local climate.It influences the air temperature and reduces the wind force hence helps in improving the quantity of rainfall.It helps in controlling soil erosion. It also provides natural environment for wildlife.
Where does deforestation occurs?
DEFORESTATION OCCURS BECAUSEDeforestation means cutting down of trees for humans uses.Deforestation occurs because of many reasons .In our world this deforestation is increasing we want to fight against it and try to control it .These deforestation is mainly occur in forest because in forest there is a amount of trees so people try to cut trees from forest .We were cutting trees for many uses such as, for making furniture's, making papers, making fuelsetc.RESULT OF DEFORESTATIONDeforestation result to desertification, increase of carbon dioxide, decrease of pure oxygen in atmosphere, decrease of rain etc.These led to the decrease of humans lifeHOW WE CAN DECREASE THIS DEFORESTATIONWe can control this deforestation by many ways .We want to recycle papers, don't cut trees with out any uses, try to plant more trees in our surrounding, protect forest from fire etc.SO STOP DEFORESTATION AND START AFORESTATION
How do people protect their homes from flooding in Bangladesh?
By using aforestation, this means planting more trees so that more interception can occur, meaning more water is absorbed.This is what they could do not what they do, they plant tree to get wood to stop flood by putting down sand bags.
What is the syllabus of sybsc it in kalina university?
S. Y. BSc. BotanyFirst Term PortionPaper I: Plant Diversity IIUnit I: Algae and Bryophyta 15Algae 091. Structure, life cycle and systematic position of· Sargassum· Batrachospermum2. Pigments and reserved food in algae3. Range of thallus structure in algaeBryophytes 06Structure, life cycle and systematic position of· Anthoceros· FunariaUnit II: Fungi and Plant Pathology 151. Structure, life cycle and systematic position of 08· Erysiphe· Agaricus· Ustilago2. Diseases - symptoms, causative organism, diseases cycle and control measures of 07· Rust· Early blight· Powdery mildewUnit III: Angiosperms 151. Concerns of taxonomy 02· Systematics· Taxonomic structure· Nomenclature· Documentation2. Characters of Taxonomic importance 07· Exomorphic characters: Morphological characters of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed· Cytological characters: Chromosome number andchromosome morphology· Phytochemical characters -Primary constituents - Proteins, DNA, PolysaccharidesSecondary constituents - Tannins, alkaloids3. Bentham and Hooker's system of classification for 06Flowering plants up to family with respect to the followingPrescribed families and economic and medicinal importanceFor members of the families:· Cruciferae· Tiliaceae· Meliaceae· Myrtaceae· CombretaceaePaper II: Form and Function IIUnit I: Instrumentation and Techniques 15· Microscopy - Phase contrast and electron microscopy 04· Chromatography - Principles and types of chromatography absorption and partition, paper and thin layer 06· Electrophoresis - Horizontal and vertical gel electrophoresis, Staining techniques for proteins 05Unit II: Plant Biochemistry and Plant Physiology 15· Photophysiology and Photorespiration Electromagnetic spectrum, plant pigments and their interaction with light, concept of fluorescence and phosphorescence, light reaction of photosynthesis, C3, C4 and CAM pathway, Photorespiration08· Carbohydrate Metabolism Structure, synthesis and degradation of Sucrose, Starch, Fructans and Cellulose 07Unit III: Cytogenetics 151. Genetic Mapping in eukayotes 06Introduction to meiosis (crossing over and recombination during Meiosis), linkage, crossing over and construction of chromosome maps (through 3 - point test cross)2. Extranuclear Genetics 03· Organelle hereditary -a. Chloroplast determines heredity - Plastid transmission in plants, Male sterility in plants, Streptomycin resistance inChlamydomonasb. Mitochondrion determined heredity - Petit Colonies in yeast· Maternal effect - Coiling of snail, Pigmentation in Ephestia moth· Extra chromosomal inheritance in prokaryotes3. Variation in chromosome 06Origin and production, morphological and cytological features, Applications in crop improvement and evaluation of Aneuploids and Euploids (Monoploids, Autopolyploids and Allopolyploids)Paper III: Current Trends in Plant Sciences - IUnit I: Pharmacognosy 151. Introduction to Pharmacognosy - History, present and future 012. Introduction to pharmacopoeia 013. Concept of Primary and Secondary metabolites 10Study of secondary metabolites (sources, properties and uses) with reference to Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Volatile oils and Gums and resins4. Crude drugs - Classification of crude drugs 025. Cosmetology 01Unit II: Forestry 15· Types of forests - Classification of forest, different types of forests in India 10· Applications of forestry - Social forestry, Reforestation, Aforestation, Deforestation 05Unit III: Ecology 151. Ecological factors 05Concept of environmental factors, soil as an Edaphic factor, soil composition, types of soil, soil formation, soil profileCommunity ecology 10· Concept of community· Qualitative characters of community - physiognomy, growth forms (Raunkair's classification), Biological spectrum, stratification, species diversity and abundance· Quantitative characters of community - frequency, density, cover and biomass, species abundanceSecond Term PortionPaper I: Plant Diversity IIUnit IV: Microbiology 151. Methods of microbiology 09· Basic principles of staining· Culture media preparation· Pure culture methods2. Classification of bacteria based on mode of nutrition 023.Bacterial Biofertilizers with reference to Rhizobium02· Mass propagation· Methods of application4. Ecological microbiology 02· Bacteria in Sulphur cycle· Bacteria in Phosphate solublisationUnit V: Pteridophyta, Paleobotany and Gymnosperms 151. Pteridophyta 07· Smith's classification of Pteridophyta up to class salient features of Psilophyta, Lepidophyta, Calamophyta and Pterophyta· Structure, life cycle and systematic position of Sellaginella and Equisetum2. Paleobotany 03· Structure and systematic position from genera Rhyniaand Calamites3. Gymnosperms 05· Structure, life cycle and systematic position of PinusUnit VI: Angiosperms 151. Units of classification 022. Hierarchy of categories in taxonomic structure 023. Tools of angiosperm taxonomy 04· Museum (herbarium)· Gardens (Botanical and public)· Sacred grooves4. Bentham and Hooker's system of classification for flowering plants up to family with respect to the following prescribed families and economic and medicinal importance for members of the families: 07· Rubiaceae· Apocynaceae· Convolvulaceae· Urticaceae· Commelinaceae· Sub-family - CannaceaePaper II: Form and Function IIUnit IV: Anatomy 151. Mechanical tissue system 06· Tissue providing mechanical strength and support and their deposition· I - girders in aerial and underground organs2. Conducting tissue system 06· Primary xylem and phloem· Types of Vascular Bundles· Stelar evolution and conducting system in various plant systems3. Defense mechanism in plants 03· Morphological, anatomical, physiological and Biochemical defense mechanismsUnit V: Environmental Botany and Physiology 151. Environmental Botany 09· Ecological succession: Hydrosere and xerosere· Plant indicators· Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)· Protected Area Network (PAN)· Environment legislation· Ecotourism2. Plant Physiology 06Phytochrome response and vernalization with reference to flowering in higher plants - Physio-chemical properties of Phytochrome, Pr-Pfr Interconversion, role of Phytochrome in flowering of SDPs and LDPs, vernalization - mechanisms and applicationsUnit VI: Molecular Biology and Biostatistics 151. Molecular Biology Protein synthesis 09· Central dogma of protein synthesis· Transcription, RNA molecules and RNA processing, the transcription process, RNA synthesis, Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes· Nature of the genetic code, translation of the Genetic message, protein sorting in the cell2. Biostatistics 06Testing of hypothesis: Chi square test and Student t test (paired and unpaired)Second Term PortionPaper III: Current Trends in Plant Sciences I (Lectures 45)Unit IV: Economic Botany 151. Fibres: Types of fibres, fibre yielding plants 052. Paper: Types of paper, paper yielding plants 053. Spices and condiments: Nutmeg, Mace, Clove, Cardamom and SaffronUnit V: Horticulture 151. Location in the garden - Edges, hedgs, fence, lawn Flower beds, avenue, water garden (with 2 examples each)Focal point2. Formal and informal gardens3. Species diversity in different locations4. National parks, Botanical gardensUnit VI: Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 151. Biotechnology· Recombinant DNA technology and manipulation of DNA, Transgenic plant production by Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer (molecular basis) Selectable markers, reporter genes, promoters used In plant vectors, transgenic plants used for improving quality of seeds edible vaccines 07· Solid state fermentation for production of Fungal Biomass (for industrial enzymes) 032. Bioinformatics 05
