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The study of the Earth is called Earth science, which is an all-embracing term that includes several disciplines, including geology, geography, geophysics, geodesy, soil science, oceanography, hydrology, limnology, glaciology, Biology and atmospheric sciences. Earth science is also a special case of planetary science, with Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.

Geology is the study of solid Earth; its rocks and the processes by which they change. It has several disciplines of its own, including mineralogy and petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, Paleontology, stratigraphy, structural geology, engineering geology and sedimentology.

Geography is the study of lands, its features, the inhabitants and the phenomena of Earth.

The study of earth (as in soil) is soil science, which includes edaphology and pedology.

See related links for more detailed information on all Earth Sciences.

Previous Answers

Geology, or if you restrict yourself to one plane of geological time (now), geography.

The study of the origin, formation, development and history of our planet along with its composition is geology.

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