Why do carbon anodes need to be replaced regularly in the manufacture of aluminium?

How do you extract aluminum from aluminum oxide?

You need to pass an electric current throguh the molten aluminum oxide which is the ore for alumium and then u get pure aluminum at the bottom because its denser than aluminum oxide. Carbon dioxide is produced as well because the metals used to pass the electric current are carbon and the ocsigen reacts with the carbon to create carbon dioxide.

What is a chem trail?

"Chem-Trails" or "Chemtrails" are Aircraft spraying operations of Chemical Compounds on a nations Citizens, usually performed by the Military as an operation to understand the effects and/or coverage abilities of certain compounds, Chemicals or pathogens. The American military claims that this is for our own protection and has been performing these kind of experimental operations on the public since at least the end of World war 2. Chem-Trails are not the same as Con-trails. I have viewed Con-trails since I was a small boy and as most everyone knows, Con-trails dissipate some time shortly after a jet aircraft has flown out of site. Chem-trails, on the other hand, linger in the sky most of the day. If you happen to witness a chem-trail spraying from the beginning, you will first notice that the trail starts to expand slowly, and as hours pass, you will see that the chemical compound material expansion will eventually envelope a large part of the sky. If the sunlight happens to be passing through the chemical compound, it will give off a strange hue to reveal it's chemical nature. On rare occasions, the material will come to Earth in globs or droplets and resembles a wispy web-like structure. When I first took notice of chem-trail spraying in the year 2004, (some say the spraying started as early as 1987), I observed the spraying procedure as patterns being created in the form of letters, others were in a tic-tac-toe or grid like pattern and some in parallel lines from horizon to horizon. Other observers have suggested that these patterns are made in this way so they can be observed from Satellite locations to facilitate efficient coverage. Of course, the Government denies all Knowledge of the spraying as they do with all Black-op projects, and in the early days, they were employing military aircraft to accomplish most of the spraying. Recently however, a number of Whistle-blower Aircraft mechanics have come forward and told of seeing strange equipment on Commercial air-planes that included large holding tanks, pressure pumps, tubing connected to holes that were drilled in anti-static anodes on the wing edge, along with a hidden switch under the control console. Other mechanics claim they have been threatened with the loss of employment or have been suspended when it was discovered that they had witnessed the incriminating evidence of spraying equipment in Commercial aircraft. Concerned citizens who have taken water and/or ground samples 24-48 after a spraying event, claim that at one time, the chemical solution contained microscopic particles of aluminium, but relatively recently, the samples taken from ponds and water sources are revealing that the formula has changed from mostly aluminium to a barium solution, 3X above the recommended safe levels. It also appears that since the change from a mostly aluminium to a barium solution, the mixture is now sprayed form the wing tips rather then being burned in the combustion chamber of the Turbine engine. The thinking is that the solution change was done because of the discovery of concentrations of aluminium found in the brain slice samples of Alzheimer patients. I live in a small town of 5000 people and spraying occurs regularly, but especially on days with cloudless skies,... I can not remember the last time I was able to enjoy a clear blue sky. Unless the skies over my rural area has suddenly become the ridiculously congested flight path for all International air-plane traffic, or the Daily playground of the Blue Angels, I suspect that there is something else going on, other then the occasional con-trail. Even more convincing, is when both chem-trail activity and con-trails are laid across the sky at the same time, the con-trails will soon disappear behind the Aircraft, while the chem-trails persist the entire day, eventually joining and becoming a large, unnatural looking, cloud-like structure(s). It was Later discovered through the access of "the Freedom of information act" and the investigation of Government grant archives, that a Scientist once asked for, and was given a grant in the 1970's to demonstrate that microscopic particles of aluminium could be mixed with jet fuel and burned inside a jet turbine engine combustion chamber with very little appreciable wear and tear to engine parts. What was the reason for such a strange Grant request? The Scientist/Researcher wanted to show that a combination of aluminium and jet fuel could produce artificial clouds for the purpose of generating an additional one percent of artificial cloud cover to the Earth so as reflect more sunlight back into space, in the event that global warming should ever become a problem in the future. At that time, it was estimated that full coverage on a yearly basis, would cost about 3 billion dollars. Obviously, the cost today would be much greater. Interestingly, not all Scientists agree that Global warming is caused by the CO2 accumulation Greenhouse Effect. More recently, the dramatic change in the earths weather is being associated with changes in the Sun's output which is said to be part of the Sun's normal cycle. Some strong evidence to uphold this theory is the fact that along with Earth, the planet Mars is also experiencing Polar Ice melting. There has also been temperature and weather pattern changes noted on the other planets that could suggest a hotter Sun.

How does the Hall-Heroult process work?

Aluminum is not found in nature in its pure state (in other words, it does not exist an "aluminum mine"...) but it is always bond with other elements, the most common being the oxygen. Among the most common aluminum ore there is the alumina, chemical formula Al2O3. The alumina is found in nature most of the time in a kind of soil named bauxite, after the city of Baux in France, where it was first identified. It contains on average 50% in weight of alumina, the rest being other oxides, mainly iron oxides. With the Hall-Heroult process, through the use of electricity, the chemical bond between aluminum and oxygen in the alumina is broken and the aluminum is then collected for further processing. The process was discovered at the same time, 1886, and independently by american Charles Martin Hall and french Paul Louis Toussaint Heroult (this the reason why it is called Hall-Heroult process). Nowadays, after more than 100 years, the industrial process is basically the same invented by Hall and Heroult. Going more in detail, in the Hall-Heroult process the alumina is dissolved in a molten salt, acting as the electrolyte, called cryolite (Na3AlF6) which melts at around 950°C. The molten salt is contained in a vessel (called cell or pot) with the structure made by iron and internally lined with blocks of carbon. The mixture of molten cryolite and dissolved alumina is usually called bath. Into the bath is immersed the anode, another block of carbon, which carries the electrical current into the molten bath driving the electrochemical reactions which make the alumina reduction according to the reaction: 2Al2O3 + 3C -> 4Al + 3CO2 The molten aluminum produced is collected into the bottom of the vessel containing the bath and periodically is tapped. The electricity flowing from the anode into the bath is then collected by the carbon lining of the vessel. As can be seen on the previous reaction, the carbon anodes takes itself place on the reaction, being consumed and evolving carbon dioxide in the form of bubbles from the bath. This means that the anode has to be replaced on a regular basis. The chemical bond between aluminum and oxygen in the alumina is very strong, and this means that a lot of electrical energy is required to produce aluminum. The values depends on the cell technology, ranging from 12.5 to 14.5 kWh/kg in present industry.

What is the purpose of adding sodium carbonate in the diazotization of sulfanilic acid?

== == The diazotization of sulfanilic acid reaction is carried out in water. Sulfanilic acid is insoluble in water normally, but when sodium carbonate is added the SO3H group is deprotonated and you get the sodium salt which is soluble in water. Now that the sulfanilic acid it can react with the nitroso anion to yield the diazonium salt. There's a nice mechanism here: http://phoenix.liu.edu/~nmatsuna/che122/exp17.pdf

A copper penny was added to a sodium hydroxide solution with granulated zinc in it and turned silver then turned gold after heating and i need to know what is the chemical equation of this reaction?

Metallic zinc dissolves in the alkaline solution, producing zincate ions and releasing hydrogen: Zn + 2OH– → ZnO2-- + H2 (visible as tiny bubbles on the surface of the zinc) You can get the same solution by adding zinc oxide to sodium hydroxide. (The zincate is probably hydrated with a couple of water molecules, but they only clutter up our equations, so we'll ignore them here.) Here's where it gets interesting: When copper is in contact with zinc* (bear with me for a few moments), in a conducting solution, an electrolytic cell is produced -- you have a battery. (In fact, you have Prof. Volta's original battery!) Electrons flow from the zinc* to the copper. At the surface of the copper coin, these electrons reduce the zincate: ZnO2-- + 2H2O + 2e- → Zn + 4OH– This produces the zinc plating you see on the coin. At the surface of the zinc*, the electrons that are being sent to the copper metal are generated by zinc dissolving to produce more zincate: Zn + 4OH– → ZnO2-- + 2H2O + 2e- Here's the cool thing: There is NO NET REACTION, but there is a net motion of zinc! The "zinc*" referred to above can be left-over zinc powder from the first step, or it can be zinc that's already built into the coin. Post-1981 US pennies, which are in fact mostly zinc with a thin copper cladding, work fine without an external zinc supply. It would seem that microscopic flaws in the cladding are necessary to let the zinc core contact the solution -- so perhaps "mint" condition pennies do need an external zinc source. (Science project, anyone?) The reaction seems at first glance to run against the electrochemical potentials of the metals, which perplexes many people. What makes it run, however, is the unseen dissolution of the metallic zinc*, which is particularly invisible in the case of a new US penny. (This is the same reaction that allows "sacrificial anodes" of zinc or magnesium to protect ship hulls against corrosion in salt water.) The experiment is more impressive, actually, with a true copper coin. Clean an old penny (1981 or earlier) by soaking it in hot vinegar until it's shiny, and drop it into the plating solution. Nothing will happen unless the penny is in contact with some zinc metal. Separate the penny from the zinc, and the plating will dissolve -- the penny returns to its original copper color. Touching the penny with a bit of zinc recreates the battery, and the zinc plating re-appears within seconds! Heating the zinc=plated penny, or just letting it sit around for several months, results in copper atoms dissolving into the zinc to produce brass - the "gold" coin is actually a brass-plated coin. This explanation, with more details and some great photos, can be found at http://woelen.scheikunde.net/science/chem/exps/copper+zinc/index.html -Jim Demers (9/4/2008)

Why do carbon anodes need to be replaced regularly in the manufacture of aluminium?

Add your answer:

How do you extract aluminum from aluminum oxide?

What is a chem trail?

How does the Hall-Heroult process work?

What is the purpose of adding sodium carbonate in the diazotization of sulfanilic acid?

A copper penny was added to a sodium hydroxide solution with granulated zinc in it and turned silver then turned gold after heating and i need to know what is the chemical equation of this reaction?

Why are carbon anodes replaced regularly?

What has the author Ioan Galasiu written?

How is sacrificial metal used in oil rigs?

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What is the use of zinc anodes in pier jetty columns?

How do Impressed Current anodes work?

What must the voltage be at the anodes for effective electrofishing?

What are dog anodes?

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What is the negative electrode of a voltaic cell called?

Can you use zinc anodes on your buried water tank?

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