Creditors can protect themselves during periods of high inflation by incorporating inflation-indexed interest rates in loan agreements, ensuring that returns adjust with rising prices. Additionally, they might diversify their portfolios to include assets that typically perform well in inflationary environments, such as commodities or real estate. Setting shorter loan terms can also reduce exposure to prolonged inflationary periods. Finally, maintaining a strong credit assessment process can help creditors lend to borrowers who are more likely to withstand inflationary pressures.
during periods of inflation tax rates sholkd
1982 to 1984
because their purchasing power of money is less in real terms they payback less
When faced with inflation, suppliers prefer to hold on to goods that will maintain their value rather than sell them for cash that loses its value rapidly.
No - The classical model is only realistic during periods of high inflation, because the stickiness of nominal wages and prices rise. This results in the Aggregate Supply Curve shifting left to it's next long-run equilibrium level much more quickly than during periods of low inflation.
during periods of inflation tax rates sholkd
1982 to 1984
because their purchasing power of money is less in real terms they payback less
When faced with inflation, suppliers prefer to hold on to goods that will maintain their value rather than sell them for cash that loses its value rapidly.
No - The classical model is only realistic during periods of high inflation, because the stickiness of nominal wages and prices rise. This results in the Aggregate Supply Curve shifting left to it's next long-run equilibrium level much more quickly than during periods of low inflation.
The debtors are gainers during inflation, while the creditors are losers. The reason this happens is because, during inflation, the value of money reduces greatly. The implications of which are that a rupee in the month of August is worth much less than what it was worth back in March. This means that a person can buy fewer goods per rupee in the month of august, than what he could in the month of March. In terms of the debtor, he is essentially paying back a smaller amount (in real terms) even though the amount he owed to the creditor remained the same. As far as the creditor is concerned, the value of the money that he receives from his debtors is worth much less than what it was when he lent it to them. (Implying that his purchasing power will be reduced when they repay him)
The gainers of inflation typically include borrowers, as the real value of their debt decreases over time, making it easier to repay loans with less valuable money. Asset holders, particularly those with real assets like real estate or commodities, can benefit as their investments may appreciate in value during inflationary periods. Additionally, businesses with strong pricing power can pass on higher costs to consumers, preserving or even increasing profit margins. However, the overall effects of inflation are complex and can vary widely depending on individual circumstances.
Deferments typically refer to the postponement of obligations, often used in the context of loans or military service. In student loans, there are two common types: "in-school deferment," which allows borrowers to pause payments while they are enrolled in school, and "economic hardship deferment," which is granted when borrowers face financial difficulties. These deferments help borrowers manage their financial responsibilities during challenging periods.
Governments may want prices to increase to stimulate economic growth, particularly during periods of low inflation or recession. Higher prices can encourage consumer spending and investment, as people are more likely to make purchases before costs rise further. Additionally, moderate inflation can help reduce the real burden of debt, making it easier for borrowers to repay loans. Ultimately, controlled price increases can contribute to a healthier economy by promoting spending and investment.
During periods of high inflation, investors generally try to preserve purchasing power by seeking returns that keep up with inflation. Equity (stock) markets generally perform poorly in periods of high inflation with the exception of stocks of companies that benefit from inflation (like commodity companies). The Dow Jones Industrials average was basically flat in the 1970's when inflation was high. Yields on fixed income securities (govt bonds and corporate bonds) usually rise with the corresponding increase in inflation since fixed income investors need a premium over the rate of inflation for a 'real' rate of return. For example, a bond investor that requires a 5% return in a 3% inflation environment will require 7% in a 5% inflation environment. The Investopedia link below has a basic article on this topic.
Inflation was a big problem for Americans during the Revolution
Effects of inflation on Farmers:The price of farm products goes up faster than costs. Costs lag behind prices of product received by the farmers. It has been observed in India that inflationary tendencies during war and post-war periods have helped farmers in paying off their old debts. Moreover, farmers are generally debtors and have to pay less in real terms, while the land revenue, taxes, etc., do not rise much. Thus farmers generally gain during the periods of inflation.