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Q: Is agronomy in-demand in philippinies
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Continue Learning about Economics

The science of crop production and improvement is called?

AGRONOMY


Branches of science that are related to economics?

Agronomy merges crop production and economics. It encompasses technologies and science used to improve plant production. All these activities should contribute to economic development.


What are the positive and the negative impacts of green revolution?

Following are the positive and negative impacts of green revolution:-Positive ImpactsThe Green Revolution led to sizable increases in returns toland, and hence raised farmers' incomes. Moreover, withgreater income to spend, new needs for farm inputs, and millingand marketing services, farm families led a general increase indemand for goods and services.This stimulated the ruralnonfarm economy, which in turn grew and generated significantnew income and employment of its own. Real per capitaincomes almost doubled in Asia between 1970 and 1995, andpoverty declined from nearly three out of every five Asians in1975 to less than one in three by 1995.The absolute numberof poor people fell from 1.15 billion in 1975 to 825 million in1995 despite a 60 percent increase in population. In India, thepercentage of the rural population living below the poverty linefluctuated between 50 and 65 percent before the mid-1960sbut then declined steadily to about one-third of the ruralpopulation by 1993. Research studies show that much of thissteady decline in poverty is attributable to agricultural growthand associated declines in food prices.The Green Revolution also contributed to better nutrition byraising incomes and reducing prices, which permitted people toconsume more calories and a more diversified diet. Bigincreases occurred in per capita consumption of vegetable oils,fruits, vegetables, and livestock products in Asia.Negative ImpactsA revolution of this magnitude was bound to create someproblems of its own. Critics charged that the GreenRevolution resulted in environmental degradation andincreased income inequality, inequitable asset distribution, andworsened absolute poverty. Some of these criticisms are validand have been or still need to be addressed. But there is atendency today to overstate the problems and to ignore theappropriate counterfactual situation: what would have been themagnitude of hunger and poverty without the yield increases ofthe Green Revolution and with the same population growth?The Green Revolution in Asia stimulated a large body of empiricalliterature on how agricultural technological change affects poorfarmers. Critics of the Green Revolution argued that owners oflarge farms were the main adopters of the new technologiesbecause of their better access to irrigation water, fertilizers, seeds,and credit. Small farmers were either unaffected or harmedbecause the Green Revolution resulted in lower productprices, higher input prices, and efforts by landlords to increaserents or force tenants off the land. Critics also argued that theGreen Revolution encouraged unnecessary mechanization,thereby pushing down rural wages and employment.Although anumber of village and household studies conducted soon afterthe release of Green Revolution technologies lent somesupport to early critics, more recent evidence shows mixedoutcomes. Small farmers did lag behind large farmers inadopting Green Revolution technologies, yet many of themeventually did so. Many of these small-farm adopters benefitedfrom increased production, greater employment opportunities,and higher wages in the agricultural and nonfarm sectors.Moreover, most smallholders were able to keep their land andexperienced significant increases in total production. In somecases, small farmers and landless laborers actually ended upgaining proportionally more income than larger farmers, resultingin a net improvement in the distribution of village income.Development practitioners now have a better understanding ofthe conditions under which the Green Revolution and similaryield-enhancing technologies are likely to have equitablebenefits among farmers.These conditions include: (1) a scaleneutraltechnology package that can be profitably adopted onfarms of all sizes; (2) an equitable distribution of land withsecure ownership or tenancy rights; (3) efficient input, credit,and product markets so that farms of all sizes have access tomodern farm inputs and information and are able to receivesimilar prices for their products; and (4) policies that do notdiscriminate against small farms and landless laborers (forinstance, no subsidies on mechanization and no scale biases inagricultural research and extension).These conditions are noteasy to meet.Typically, governments must make a concertedeffort to ensure that small farmers have fair access to land,knowledge, and modern inputs.