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Types of Monetary PolicyInflation TargetingInflation targeting revolves around meeting publicly announced, preset rates of inflation. The standard used is typically a price index of a basket of consumer goods, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United States.[2] It intends to bring actual inflation to their desired numbers by bringing about changes in interest rates, open market operations, and other monetary tools. Price Level TargetingPrice level targeting involves keeping overall price levels stable, or meeting a predetermined price level.[3] Similar to inflation targeting, the central bank alters interest rates to be able to keep the index level constant throughout the years. Flourishing and advanced economies opt not to use this method as it is generally perceived to be risky and uncertain. Monetary AggregatesThis approach focuses on controlling monetary quantities. Once monetary aggregates grow too rapidly, central banks might be triggered to increase interest rates, because of the fear of inflation.[4] Fixed Exchange RateFixed exchange rate is also often called "Pegged Exchange Rate". Here, a currency's value is pegged to the value of a single currency, or to a basket of other currencies or measure of value, such as gold. The focus of this monetary system is to maintain a nation's currency within a narrow band.[5] Gold StandardIn Gold Standard, the government allows its currency to be converted into fixed amounts of gold, and vice versa.[6] This may be regarded as a special kind of Fixed Rate Exchange policy, or of Price Level Targeting. This monetary policy is considered flawed because of the need for large gold reserves of countries to keep up with the demand and supply for money. It is no longer used in any country, though it was widely used in the mid 19th century through 1971.
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