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A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is undergoing structural changes, changing from one type of economic system to another type.

Transition economies usually refer to economies undergoing a transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. These type of economies undergo economic liberalization (introducing market forces for prices), economic restructuring, privatization of state enterprises, and the creation of a financial sector (which takes the role of the dismantled planning system).

A transition economy may also refer to a long term process of building socialism, in which a capitalist economy undergoes rapid development with the eventual goal of establishing a socialist economic system. Today countries such as Cuba and Vietnam are still officially undergoing transition from rural economies or mixed economies to socialism (in Vietnam the system is officially called "socialist-oriented market economy").

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