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When averaged for all less developed countries which rate is lower for LDC's than MDC's?
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How has globalization affected farmers in LDCs?
Generally globalization would not help farmers in lesser developed regions as with globalization bigger corporations will have access to sell their products in those lesser developed regions. But farmers can also use globalization to their benefit by selling their goods and expanding their markets elsewhere through the means of globalization and industrialization.
What is the difference between MDCs and LDCs?
1. MDC's are distinguished by comparing the countries' annual per capita gross domestic product, which is GDP, PPP is purchasing power parity. MDC is a country with a per capita GPD and PPP of over $10,000. Though the LDC is below that figure.
Why do less developed countries have more people?
they have the highest population because they feel that the children are the future. the more children they have the better the economy will be in the future for their children and their families. because of this reason they are having as many kids possible so that they would be able to become a developed country over the next few decades.
What role does the GATT play in the international trade?
THE ROLE OF GATT The most important trade-liberalization activity in the post-World War II period has been through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which began in 1947 with 23 members and now has more than 100 members- GATT has given the world a basic set of rules under which trade negotiations take place and a mechanism for monitoring the implementation of these rules. Most-Favored-Nation Clause To belong to GATT, nations must adhere to the most-favored-nation (MFN) clause. MFN means that if a country, such as the United States, grants a tariff reduction to one country-for example, a cut from 20 percent to 10 percent on wool sweaters from Australia-the United States would grant the same concession to all other countries of the world. The MFN applies to quotas and licenses as well. Although MFN was initially intended to be unconditional, countries have always made exceptions to it.32 The most important exceptions are as follows: 1. Manufactured products from developing countries have been given preferential treatment over products from industrial countries. 2. Concessions granted to members within a trading alliance, such as the European Community (EC), have not been extended to countries outside the alliance. 3. Nations that arbitrarily discriminate against products from a given country are not necessarily given MFN treatment by the country whose products are discriminated against. 4. Nonsignatory countries are not always treated in the same way as those that grant concessions. 5. Countries sometimes stipulate exceptions based on their existing laws at the time of signing a GATT agreement. 6. Exceptions are made in times of war or international tensions. The first exception provides that most industrial countries grant tariff preferences to developing countries under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Under the second exception, the United States and Israel agreed in 1985 to remove all tariffs on each other's products without giving the same benefits to other countries. Under the third exception, the United States does not grant MFN treatment to a number of countries in the former communist bloc. Under the fourth exception, only countries signing GATT's Government Procurement Code (nondiscrimination against imports in government procurement) are granted automatic permission to bid on public works contracts open to foreign bids. Under the fifth exception, Switzerland excludes agricul tural trade. Finally, under the last exception, the United Kingdom suspended MFN treatment to Argentina as a result of the two countries' being at war in the South Atlantic. GATT-Sponsored Rounds GATT's most important activity has been the sponsoring of "rounds" or sessions named for the place where the round begins, which have led to a number of multilateral reductions in tariffs and nontariff barriers for its membership. The process of granting reductions is across the board: In other words, countries may agree to lower all tariff rates by a given percent, but not necessarily the same percent by all countries, over some specified period of time. Given the thousands of products traded, it would be nearly impossible to negotiate each product separately and even more difficult to negotiate each product separately with each country separately. Nevertheless, each country brings to the negotiations certain products that it considers exceptions to its own across-the-board reductions. That a series of negotiations have resulted in vast tariff reductions indicates not only that countries are committed to work jointly toward freer trade but also that tariffs are the easiest trade barrier to tackle. The Tokyo Round, for example, resulted in an overall reduction in tariffs, including a reduction between the United States and the EC by 35 percent each way, and a reduction of 40 percent by Japan on U.S. imports into Japan. In spite of these tariff reductions, the primary thrust of the negotiations involved grappling with the increasingly important and complex nontariff barriers, especially in five specific areas: industrial standards, government procurement, subsidies and countervailing duties, licensing, and customs valuation. In each of these five areas, conference members agreed on a code of conduct for GATT nations.33 The Agreement on Industrial Standards provides for treating imports on the same basis as domestically produced goods. Similarly, the Agreement on Government Procurement calls for treating bids by foreign firms on a nondiscriminatory basis for most large contracts. The Agreement or Code of Conduct on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties recognizes domestic subsidies as appropriate policy tools whose implementation, however, should avoid any adverse impact on other countries. Export subsidies are prohibited, the only exception being agricultural products. This agreement also spells out procedures regarding the possibility of using countervailing duties against a second country if the first country believes its domestic firms are being harmed by the second country's subsidy. The Licensing Code commits members to simplify their licensing procedures significantly and to treat both foreign and domestic firms in a nondiscriminatory manner. The Customs Valuation Code calls for either c.i.f. or f.o.b. valuation (invoice value with or without transportation and insurance included) and bans certain types of valuation methods, such as basing valuation on the selling price of a product in the importing country. The specific procedures were discussed earlier in the chapter in the section on customs valuation. GATT as Monitor There is general agreement that tariff-reduction agreements are difficult to enforce. There are simply too many subtle means that countries use to circumvent the intent of negotiations. Furthermore, there is one important area on which participants have been unable to agree: the use of temporary safeguards against severe domestic disruptions caused by expanding imports. GATT still allows safeguard measures that can reverse the injurious effects of increases in imports that, in turn, result from trade-liberalization moves. In such a situation the injured nation may cancel a previously negotiated action that liberalized trade as long as the country feels that this move is necessary to prevent further injury, particularly in the form of increased unemployment in the affected industry. In practice, very few safeguards have been imposed under the new GATT rules. However, there have been a number of "voluntary" limitations on exports, such as the example of Japanese limits on auto exports to the United States discussed in the opening case. A voluntary restraint can circumvent GATT agreements because neither the importing country nor the exporting country complains to the GATT Council in Geneva (the organization's ruling body), and GATT can do nothing without a complaint. What can GATT do if there are complaints? First, it investigates to determine whether the allegations are valid. If the complaints are valid, then countries may pressure the offending party to change its policies. In extreme cases, other GATT members could rescind MFN treatment from the violating country; however, such a measure has not become necessary. The mutual commitment to cooperate has been sufficient to gain widespread compliance with GATT directives. For example, the United States eliminated custom-user fees after the GATT Council investigated complaints from Canada and the EC; and Japan lifted quotas on eight processed-food products, which had raised complaints in the United States. GATT Limitations The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative estimated that only about two-thirds of the 1989 world trade of $3730 billion was covered by GATT regulations; i.e., one-third of trade is in products that countries make exceptions to their across-the-board reductions in restrictions. About half the noncov-ered trade consists of services, such as financial services, which remain highly protected in many countries. Two other areas of importance are agricultural products and textiles and apparels. The Uruguay Round began in 1986 and disbanded without an agreement by its target date at the end of 1990. Although by 1992 the negotiations were underway again, the experience of the four years of GATT Uruguay Round negotiations exemplifies the growing difficulty of reducing trade restrictions through globally oriented trade agreements. At the core of the problem are the facts that the less-sensitive concessions have already been made and that attention has moved toward services and away from products. Other problems include the fact that talks become more cumbersome as more countries become signatories of GATT and the growing expectation on the part of industrial countries that LDCs should also make trade concessions. For example, the United States has urged Europe to remove barriers to the freer flow of agricultural products; and Europeans have urged the United States to remove its dumping legislation, its safeguards against imports that might violate U.S. patent protection, and its textile-import limitations. These are all areas of such high domestic sensitivity that politicians seem unlikely to yield to international pressures during negotiations. The area of services is so complex that there is as yet little agreement even on how to commence negotiations. Trade in many services involves the potential movement of people internationally, such as in construction and the professions. One immediately encounters immigration issues and difficult licensing requirements and opinions over qualifications.
What is the effect of price controls on buyers and sellers?
Assuming you mean an actual price control, such as a ceiling or floor, there are two very easily-identifiable effects. When thinking about price controls, think of the supply and demand curves and remember that with a price control, it is impossible for a price to get into equilibrium. With that in mind, we can identify two problems that result from this. 1. A shortage/oversupply of the good. If there is a price ceiling, you have a shortage (a la gasoline during the price controls of the 70's.) If there is a floor, you have overproduction (a la ethanol. Which, granted, is subsidized, but that is effectively like a price floor). 2. An inefficient allocation of resources. With ethanol being subsidized, we witnessed a massive increase in the price of corn. The market did not want this, and thus we saw an inefficient allocation of resources.
What is LDCs?
Less Developed Countries
What has the author Anselmo Nhara written?
Anselmo Nhara has written: 'The impact of WTO duty-free and quota-free market access for least developed countries (LDCs)'
Which one of these phases describes the countries of Asia and Aficia mdcs experiencing rapid population growth ldcs experiencing rapid popualion growth mdcs experinceing slow rapid groth ldcs experien?
Countries in Asia and Africa typically experience rapid population growth, with many classified as less developed countries (LDCs) facing significant population increase due to factors like high birth rates and improving healthcare. Meanwhile, more developed countries (MDCs) usually have slower population growth rates primarily due to lower birth rates and better access to family planning and education.
What are the solutions to the planning problems in LDC's?
Solutions for planning problems in less developed countries (LDCs) include promoting sustainable development, enhancing infrastructure, improving access to education and healthcare, investing in agriculture and industry, reducing corruption, fostering good governance, and promoting economic diversification to reduce reliance on a single industry or export. Collaboration with international organizations and other countries can also help LDCs address their planning challenges.
Which phrase in the Discussion Section describes the countries of Asia and Africa?
LDCs Experiencing rapid population growth
How developed countries can help underveloped countries?
There are three common strategies by which developed countries attempt to help lesser-developed countries (LDCs): aid, trade, and assistance. Aid can be in the form of a direct gift of money, loan guarantees, loans, gifts of food, or even military aid. The benefits of aid are that it can be delivered more quickly than other types of help. Aid can also be targeted to a specific purpose, such as relief from natural disasters, operating capital for business development, or military protection from hostile governments or internal threats. One drawback of aid is that it often does not address the root problems in lesser developed countries, but is intended to help with an immediate crisis. When the crisis subsides, the impetus to solve the underlying problem is gone. Also, direct aid can increase inflation in an LDC, where inflation is often a severe problem to begin with. This happens when an increase in the money supply from outside donors is introduced, but the goods and services available to buy with the donations is not increased, therefore prices rise. Another problem with direct aid is that LDCs often have inefficient or corrupt governments and institutions that either don't have the capacity to use the aid effectively, or divert the aid to uses that benefit the powerful and not the needy. Trade is another way that developed countries can help LDCs. By increasing and promoting trade with LDCs, wealthy countries help less robust economies grow. Increased trade can take a long time, and it can be difficult for LDCs to produce goods and services that are in demand in the global market. However, trade can help LDCs build more diverse, robust economies and provide higher wage jobs for the residents of LDCs. Managed correctly, trade can be a path to drastic improvementes in developing countries, as seen in India and China over the past several years. Unfortunately, trade has its drawbacks, too. Exports from LDCs tend to be commodities, such as agricultural goods, or oil. Prices for agricultural goods are volatile, and more developed countries often have access to technologies that allow them to produce agricultural products at lower costs than LDCs. Natural resource comodities are subject to similar price volatility. Also, natural resource goods in LDCs are sometimes controlled by the government. Revenues from the sale of oil by some governments, for example, are used to placate the population with government assistance, suppressing the demand for governmental reforms, and displacing more broad-based economic development. This concentrates the wealth generated by natural resources in the LDC government or a local business oligarchy, leading to inefficiency and corruption. Foreign assistance can come in many flavors. Wealthy countries may help developing countries use technologies that allow them to produce food more efficiently, or build better sources of drinking water, fuel supplies, or telecommunications. Technical assistance can have a broad and lasting impact on the LDC, but only if the organizations and money exist in the long term to allow the LDC to maintain these improved systems. Foreign assistance with education, immunizations, and direct humanitarian intervention during civil unrest or natural disasters can also be very beneficial. Developed countries cannot "save" underdeveloped countries, but they can help. In fact, it is in wealthy countries' best interest to do everything they can to help poorer countries. Ultimately, any country's success will depend on its own unique circumstances. Geopolitics, natural resources, effective government, civil liberties, agricultural capacity, and the "choices" countries make through cultural and political systems are the greatest determiners of a country's success. But foreign aid, trade, and direct assistance can be helpful if done with care, wisdom and diligent oversight.
Why do LDCs face obstacles to development?
A Less Economically Developed Country, these countries have low levels of economic development, which means most people in these countries are poor and unemployed, therefore life can be quite miserable in these countries, usually a case of people just trying to survive from day to day.
Do natural disasters cause more damage in MDCs or LDCs?
Obviously LDCs. MDCs can recover much quicker with the money they have and they can detect a natural disaster way befor LDCs can. Therefore MDCs are more prepared for safety and for fixing the area ASAP
What type countries are not industrialized?
There are several types of countries that are not industrialized. These can include least developed countries (LDCs) which have low income levels, limited infrastructure, and high levels of poverty. Other examples include agrarian or agricultural-based economies that primarily rely on farming and have not fully developed manufacturing or industrial sectors. Additionally, some small island nations or countries with limited resources may also have limited industrialization.
What is ICMPv6?
The Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMP v6) is a type of Internet protocol that deals with sending messages to other routers or computers. ICMP v6 was developed because ICMP v4, its predecessor, was running out of IP addresses in its table of available IP addresses. This is due to more and more people around the world buying computers and connecting them to the Internet (most of these people live in LDCs [less developed countries]).
What are the reasons for rise in service sector worldwide?
It could be that countries are slowly outsourcing their jobs to LDCs and NIEs so the DC economies can focus on the higher level economic activities, resulting in a rise of the service sectors.
Are there more women or men on earth?
No, there are more men than women. • In 2000, there were about 101 men for every 100 women worldwide. The ratio of men to women was lower in the world's more developed regions (96 for the United States and 94 for other MDCs) than in LDCs (103). Associated differences in numbers surviving become more pronounced in relatively low mortality, older populations such as in the United States. By 2025, the male-to-female ratio worldwide and for LDCs will decline very slightly as the world's population ages. There will be approximately equal numbers of men and women globally and about 101 men per 100 women in the world's LDCs. Little change is expected in the ratio of men to women for the United States and other MDCs.
