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Why do firms will continue hiring workers until the marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the wage rate?
Firms continue hiring workers until the marginal revenue product of labor (MRP) equals the wage rate because this is the point where they maximize profit. When MRP exceeds the wage rate, firms can increase profits by hiring additional workers, as each new worker contributes more to revenue than their cost. Conversely, if the wage exceeds the MRP, hiring more workers would decrease profits, as their cost would outweigh the revenue they generate. Thus, aligning MRP with the wage rate ensures that firms operate efficiently and sustainably.
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How does a business use marginal analyss to decide how many workers to employ?
A business uses marginal analysis to determine the optimal number of workers by comparing the additional output generated by hiring one more worker (marginal product) to the additional cost of hiring that worker (marginal cost). If the marginal product exceeds the marginal cost, it is beneficial to hire more workers. This process continues until the marginal product equals the marginal cost, ensuring that the business maximizes its efficiency and profitability. Ultimately, this analysis helps the business find the ideal balance between labor costs and production output.
Why is discrimination an economic concern?
Discrimination is an economic concern on a micro level because it creates an inefectiveness in the economy. Let us look at a simple model with black and white labour, assuiming "ceteris paribus", the only difference between the two workers is the colour of their skin. The marginal product is not dependent of the colour of the workers skin so with everything else equal as we assumed, then the marginal product of the two workers is also equal to each other. If we simplify the model to better understand then the cost of the company is: C=quantityofblacksemployed*wageblack+quantityofwhitesemployed*wagewhite The company maximises it's profit when the wage=Marginal revenue product of labour = MR*MPL... (marginal revenue*marginal product of labour) But with discrimination, whites can take higher wages then optimal and blacks must take lower wages then what's optimal for the company. This creates an opportunity cost for the company that doesn't maximize its profits. On an aggregate level this has an overall effect on the economy because a part of the GDP of an economy is the sum of what all companies produces...
Saying the marginal costs are greater than the marginal benefits is the same as saying?
Marginal costs and marginal benefits are discussing the conditions for profit maximization. This statement can only have further explanation if it is clarified under circumstantial economic conditions. One of the conditions is that the firm is not a monopoly and that there is competition that keeps the price of the good at a single price. Another condition is that there are diminishing returns to labor and production. This means that resources are scarce for production so it becomes more costly to produce more because there are more constraints to resources and there is a limited labor skill pool. In a competitive market the wage is also assumed to be equal for everyone who is employed to do the same job. Thus, if the marginal costs are greater than the marginal benefits then the profit maximizing equation for a firm or individual is not in balance. The profit maximizing condition for a firm or individual is marginal costs equal marginal benefits. For example in the context of a firm, the marginal costs of producing is the wage it must pay to each extra worker it hires and the benefits are the goods that the worker produces for the firm to sell. Assuming that all workers are given the same wage, the firm should hire as many workers until the marginal revenue the worker produces (Marginal product*price) is equal to the wage. This implies price important because price determines how much revenue the worker makes from the product. If the firm is producing where marginal cost is above marginal benefit the firm is losing money and should get rid of some workers. If the firm has control over the price, like in a monopoly, then the profit maximization condition is a little different. In the case of a monopoly the demand curve is not the same as the marginal revenue curve. This is because in a monopoly the firm has to decrease price in order to sell more of the good because they are the only supplier. Marginal revenue is derived from the demand but the profit maximization condition is still marginal cost equals marginal benefits but marginal benefits does not equal the demand curve.
Why is the marginal product of labor likely to increase initially in the short run as more of the variable output is hired?
The marginal product of labor is likely to increase initially because when there are more workers, each is able to specialize on an aspect of the production process in which he or she is particularly skilled. For example, think of the typical fast food restaurant. If there is only one worker, he will need to prepare the burgers, fries, and sodas, as well as take the orders. Only so many customers can be served in an hour. With two or three workers, each is able to specialize and the marginal product (number of customers served per hour) is likely to increase as we move from one to two to three workers. Eventually, there will be enough workers and there will be no more gains from specialization. At this point, the marginal product will diminish.
If a firm is selling in an imperfectly competitive product market?
the marginal products of sucessive workers can be sold at a constant price
How does a business use marginal analyss to decide how many workers to employ?
A business uses marginal analysis to determine the optimal number of workers by comparing the additional output generated by hiring one more worker (marginal product) to the additional cost of hiring that worker (marginal cost). If the marginal product exceeds the marginal cost, it is beneficial to hire more workers. This process continues until the marginal product equals the marginal cost, ensuring that the business maximizes its efficiency and profitability. Ultimately, this analysis helps the business find the ideal balance between labor costs and production output.
What will pay workers at a level that maximizes the company?
Is it A) Costs B) Taxes C) Profits D) Marginal Revenue
Why is discrimination an economic concern?
Discrimination is an economic concern on a micro level because it creates an inefectiveness in the economy. Let us look at a simple model with black and white labour, assuiming "ceteris paribus", the only difference between the two workers is the colour of their skin. The marginal product is not dependent of the colour of the workers skin so with everything else equal as we assumed, then the marginal product of the two workers is also equal to each other. If we simplify the model to better understand then the cost of the company is: C=quantityofblacksemployed*wageblack+quantityofwhitesemployed*wagewhite The company maximises it's profit when the wage=Marginal revenue product of labour = MR*MPL... (marginal revenue*marginal product of labour) But with discrimination, whites can take higher wages then optimal and blacks must take lower wages then what's optimal for the company. This creates an opportunity cost for the company that doesn't maximize its profits. On an aggregate level this has an overall effect on the economy because a part of the GDP of an economy is the sum of what all companies produces...
Saying the marginal costs are greater than the marginal benefits is the same as saying?
Marginal costs and marginal benefits are discussing the conditions for profit maximization. This statement can only have further explanation if it is clarified under circumstantial economic conditions. One of the conditions is that the firm is not a monopoly and that there is competition that keeps the price of the good at a single price. Another condition is that there are diminishing returns to labor and production. This means that resources are scarce for production so it becomes more costly to produce more because there are more constraints to resources and there is a limited labor skill pool. In a competitive market the wage is also assumed to be equal for everyone who is employed to do the same job. Thus, if the marginal costs are greater than the marginal benefits then the profit maximizing equation for a firm or individual is not in balance. The profit maximizing condition for a firm or individual is marginal costs equal marginal benefits. For example in the context of a firm, the marginal costs of producing is the wage it must pay to each extra worker it hires and the benefits are the goods that the worker produces for the firm to sell. Assuming that all workers are given the same wage, the firm should hire as many workers until the marginal revenue the worker produces (Marginal product*price) is equal to the wage. This implies price important because price determines how much revenue the worker makes from the product. If the firm is producing where marginal cost is above marginal benefit the firm is losing money and should get rid of some workers. If the firm has control over the price, like in a monopoly, then the profit maximization condition is a little different. In the case of a monopoly the demand curve is not the same as the marginal revenue curve. This is because in a monopoly the firm has to decrease price in order to sell more of the good because they are the only supplier. Marginal revenue is derived from the demand but the profit maximization condition is still marginal cost equals marginal benefits but marginal benefits does not equal the demand curve.
If a firm is selling in an imperfectly competitive product market?
the marginal products of sucessive workers can be sold at a constant price
Why is the marginal product of labor likely to increase initially in the short run as more of the variable output is hired?
The marginal product of labor is likely to increase initially because when there are more workers, each is able to specialize on an aspect of the production process in which he or she is particularly skilled. For example, think of the typical fast food restaurant. If there is only one worker, he will need to prepare the burgers, fries, and sodas, as well as take the orders. Only so many customers can be served in an hour. With two or three workers, each is able to specialize and the marginal product (number of customers served per hour) is likely to increase as we move from one to two to three workers. Eventually, there will be enough workers and there will be no more gains from specialization. At this point, the marginal product will diminish.
Briefly outline the theory of marginal revenue productivity and then examine the criticisms of the theory?
Workers are needed for the output they are required to produce. We say that labour as a factor input is a derived demand. When firms see increasing demand for their products, they will need to employ extra workers and thus the demand for labour increases. Demand for labour and the market wage rate There is normally an inverse relationship between the demand for labour and the wage rate that the firm will have to pay for each additional worker. If wages are high, it is more costly to hire extra employees. When wages are lower, labour becomes cheaper than using capital equipment and it becomes more attractive and affordable for the business to take on more employees. Remember that firms are aiming to maximise profits. They will use the factor of production (labour or capital) that does the job as efficiently as possible for the lowest possible cost. Marginal Revenue Product Marginal revenue productivity (MRP) is a theory of wages where workers are paid the value of their marginal revenue product to the firm. MRP theory suggests that wage differentials result from differences in labour productivity and the value of the output that the labour input produces MRP theory is based on a competitive labour market and the theory rests on a number of key assumptions that are unlikely to exist in the real world. (In reality, most labour markets are imperfect, one of the reasons for earnings differentials between occupations) * Workers are homogeneous * Firms have no buying power when demanding workers * There are no trade unions * The productivity of each worker can be clearly measured * The supply of labour is perfectly elastic. Workers are occupationally and geographically mobile and can be hired at a constant wage rate Marginal Revenue Product (MRP) measures the change in total revenue for a firm as a result of selling the output produced by an extra worker. MRP = Marginal Physical Product x Price of Output per unit ILLUSTRATING THE LABOUR DEMAND CURVE In the left hand diagram, when there is a fall in the wage rate from W1 to W2, the firm will expand employment from E1 to E2. This is because the labour input has become relatively cheaper for a given level of productivity, compared to other inputs. A rise in the wage rate from W1 to W3 causes a contraction of labour demand. Shifts in the marginal revenue product of labour Marginal revenue productivity of labour will increase when there is (a) an increase in labour productivity and/or (b) an increase in demand for the firm's output which causes higher prices and raises the value of output produced by the workforce. The right hand diagram shows how this causes an outward shift in the labour demand curve. For a given wage rate W1, a profit maximising firm will employ more workers. Total employment in the market will rise. Problems with marginal revenue productivity theory Marginal revenue productivity cannot be used as a valid basis for discussing labour demand for all types of workers. In many cases it is hard to objectively measure productivity because no physical output is produced by the workforce. Even if productivity can be measured, the output produced may not be sold at a market price. This makes it hard to place an exact valuation on the output of each extra worker. In other examples, wages may be set independently of the state of labour demand. Public sector workers may have their pay set directly by government. Marginal revenue product is useful in explaining the demand for labour in many occupations. But for a fuller explanation of wage determination and the existence and persistence of wage differentials, we must focus more on the supply side of individual labour markets.
If 4 workers produce 18 chairs a day and 5 produce 20 chairs a day the marginal product of the fifth worker is what?
2 chairs
What is the relationship between marginal productivity and marginal cost?
The marginal product curve is 'n' shaped because of the law of diminishing returns. As you add more units of a variable factor, at first, the marginal product rises, (this is because the fixed factor is under-utilised, so adding more units of the variable factor will increase the output from each additional unit). But after a certain point, the marginal product begins to fall, as the fixed factor input becomes diluted amongst workers and so you get less from each additional unit of the variable factor. For an example, re-read the above paragraph and replace the word variable factor with labour and fixed factor with capital. The marginal cost curve is the inverse of the marginal product curve - hence it is shaped like a 'u' or a 'Nike tick'. This is because if your marginal product is high - then your marginal costs are low. For example, if a firm must pay electricity for the time it takes to produce a unit, if the firm can produce the unit quicker (i.e. has a high marginal product) then the cost of electricity will be lower. Hence the inverse relationship between marginal cost and marginal product.
A manager urgues that output should be expanded so long as average revenue exceeds average cost Does this make sense to you?
This strategy is incorrect because they should decide the optimal quantity on the marginal revenue and marginal costs rather than the average revenue and average costs. It may not hold that the average revenue being higher than the average cost would lead to profits for the firm. To decide if they should produce an additional product, the firm should consider the additional cost involved with the production of this extra cost and the additional revenue incurred from the sale of this product. If this marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost, then the firm should produce that additional unit. This decision is to be taken at all levels of output, and the firm should produce until the point where MR=MC.
Will a decrease in human capital decrease marginal product?
Yes, a decrease in human capital can lead to a decrease in marginal product. Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by individuals, which contribute to their productivity. When human capital declines, workers may become less efficient and innovative, resulting in lower output per additional unit of input. Consequently, the marginal product, or the additional output generated from an extra unit of labor or capital, is likely to decrease.
What is negative marginal return?
Negative marginal returns occurs when there are so many workers, that they get in each other's way and disrupt the production process, which then decreases their output.
