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What is the function of coupling capacitor in substation?
A coupling capacitor in substation is used for power line communication purposes. It used after the wave trap. The capacitance ranges from 2200pf to 10,000pf. It offers very low impedance to high frequency carrier signal and allows them to enter the line matching unit and offers a very high impedance path to low frequency signal or wave and blocks it for reaching the line matching unit. In short, it allows only those frequencies needed for communication purposes.
What is the use of capacitor before input of power supply AC?
They are used to offer a low impedence path to high frequency interference from switching sources such as fridges and thermostats. Also to curb radio frequency breakthrough.
What is a reverberating circuit?
a closed circuit, in which the signal continually travels around a circular path over and over until one of the components (usually neurons) stops functioning and the signal is not transmitted to the next component; proposed by Hebb as the mechanism for short-term memory
What is the difference between a resonant and a non-resonant circuit?
When a circuit is said to be resonate it means a signal or wave that is being generated has some relationship with a reflected or feedback signal such that the generated signal is reinforced with the reflected or feedback signal. This reinforcing of the signal may cause a standing wave of constructive interference and required the generation of the signal and the reflection or feed back to be in phase or Coherent. if there is no phase coherency then it can be harder to achieve the standing wave of constructive interference. However is the Phase is detected and delay is compensated it can be achieved like in a laser ring gyro, which uses two resonate cavities that have there path length adapted to cope with heat expiation.
Is Sparking between contacts can be reduced by inserting a Resistance in the line?
not it will be more effective to use a capacitor in parallel...1/WC->0 as high frequency switching waves w-> inf.C provides a shrt circuit path.
In Pulse Code Modulation if the transmission path is very long?
In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), if the transmission path is very long, the signal may be subject to degradation due to factors such as attenuation, noise, and interference. To mitigate these effects, repeaters can be used to amplify the signal at intervals along the path. Additionally, error detection and correction techniques can be implemented to ensure data integrity. Ultimately, careful consideration of the transmission medium and encoding techniques is crucial for maintaining signal quality over long distances.
Define and describe FDM?
FDM: Frequency-division multiplexing. A multiplex system for transmitting two or more signals over a common path by using a different frequency band for each signal.
Guided versus unguided network?
Guided Media : Guided Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that guides the data signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals to travel but nothing to guide them along a specific path. In a guided medium signal passes through a physical pathway(s),while in an unguided medium signal passes through a vacuum, it is independent of a physical pathway.
How far can a radio signal travel and what factors influence its range?
A radio signal can travel long distances, potentially thousands of miles. The range of a radio signal is influenced by factors such as frequency, power of the transmitter, antenna height, atmospheric conditions, and obstacles in the signal path.
What is the nature of a radar signal?
A radar signal is an electromagnetic wave that is emitted by a radar transmitter. It travels through the atmosphere, reflects off objects in its path, and is then detected by a radar receiver. The signal's properties, such as frequency and wavelength, determine its range and resolution capabilities.
What is forward path attenuator?
A forward path attenuator is a device used in communication systems to reduce the strength of a signal passing through it. It is commonly used to adjust the signal level to the desired amount needed for proper transmission or processing. Attenuators can help prevent signal distortion and improve overall system performance.
How come low frequency current needs a return path but high frequency current does not?
The higher the frequency the lower the impedance is in air, vacuum or other insulation. High frequency usually finds its return path via stray capacitance. Some part of the energy is radiated by the conductors, as they form an antenna, even if not intended to do so. In this case the antenna impedance provides the return path.
Why does an FM receiver not need an AGC feedback path?
An FM receiver does not need an Automatic Gain Control (AGC) feedback path because frequency modulation is less affected by amplitude variations in the received signal. FM demodulation primarily relies on changes in frequency rather than amplitude, allowing the receiver to maintain consistent audio quality regardless of signal strength. Consequently, the need for AGC to manage varying signal amplitudes is minimal, as the demodulated audio remains relatively unaffected by these fluctuations.
How does radiation send and receive signal?
Radiation sends and receives signals through electromagnetic waves, which propagate through space. When a transmitter generates an electromagnetic wave, it modulates the wave's amplitude, frequency, or phase to encode information. This signal travels through the environment and can be detected by a receiver, which demodulates the wave to extract the original information. The effectiveness of this communication depends on factors like frequency, distance, and obstacles in the signal path.
In GSM which frequency uplink or downlink is greater?
The main reason of selecting a lower frequency for up-link channel in GSM is because of free space path loss. The more is the frequency the more is the loss. As mobile phones, being a battery driven device, have limitation in terms of power we should always look for lower path loss. Whereas BTS antennas can transmit the signal (in down-link channel) with a comparatively high power, which will compensate the path loss. And that is why it is chosen to have lower frequency for up-link and higher frequency for down-link in GSM standards. The same theory applies in almost all type of radio communication. NOTE: Frequency and power are independent of each other. For example you can control the transmission power of BTS antenna, which still transmits in the same frequency.
What is communication bus in IT?
If by IT you mean computer architecture, then the communication bus would be a physical path on the circuit board, that connects various components which passes electrical signals between each other.The nature of the signal is either "on" or "off" and the path is either serial or parallel in nature. The timing of each signal is regulated by a controller to avoid more than one component from sending a signal.
Explain if transmit baseband signal directly in a wireless system and why?
An antenna must be the order of magnitude of the, wavelength signal in size to be effective. Using only baseband transmission, FDM could not be applied and (Path loss, penetration of obstacles, reflection, scattering and diffraction. All the effects depend onthe wavelength of a signal.
