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Negative feedback in an op amp is used to place the op amp in closed loop mode, so that it can actually control a process, such as motor speed. The op amp senses a change in the system, and the negative feedback serves to reverse the signal controlling the system, thereby stabilizing it. Usually, the feedback is tied into a reference bridge of some sort, so that an input can control the system. A very trivial example of a closed loop system is the thermostat controlling the heat in your house. There is a reference setpoint - your desired temperature - and the output is either on or off - causing the furnace to either run or not run. Due to the thermal inertia of your home, this is enough to maintain the desired temperature without unneeded cycling of the furnace. This delay phenomonen is why many op amp circuits have RLC or some kind of filtering, making the overall closed loop behavior be stable, i.e. not oscillate. In the case of the furnace, some thermostats have what is called an anticipator which turns the furnace off before it reaches the setpoint, so that the resulting temperature does not overshoot.

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