90-Sr is the answer.
On the emitter there is base current which is basically a function of Beta and only at that particular current. Unfortunately the beta factor is a non linear function and it is strictly related to collector current
The typical base-emitter gain (beta or hFE) of a CA3046 is 100, at an emitter current of 100ma. This translates to a base-collector gain (alpha) of 0.99.
In a common emitter amplifier, the base-emitter current causes a corresponding collector-emitter current, in the ratio of hFe (beta gain) or collector resistance over emitter resistance, which ever is less. Since this ratio is usually greater than one, the differential collector current is greater than the differential base current. This results in amplification of the base signal. As you increase the base-emitter current, the collector-emitter current also increases. This results in the collector being pulled towards the emitter, with the result that the differential collector voltage decreases. This results in inversion of the base signal.
transistor current is dependent on a factor known as Beta of the transistor. a darlington pair has a large Beta(10,000) , a small signal transistor such as the 2n3904 has a small beta of around 100. the beta of a transistor determines the amount of current that flows from collector to emitter ( bipolar transistors) for each amount of current that flows into the base you get a hundred fold increase between collector and emitter (2n3904), so you insert 1 ma (milliamp) into the base, you get 100 ma out the emitter. there is a doped region in the middle of the transistor that expands when current is applied to the base, this expansion allows more current to flow from collector to emitter (npn). there are many types of transistors but they all employ basically the same function. The mathematics involved is a bit more complicated but I speaking in general terms here to avoid getting someone lost.
Emitter current can be summed up by the formula: IE = IC+ IB Where IE = Emitter Current, IC = Collector Current, and IB = Base Current So simply take IE - IC and you'll get an IB of about 100uA. (5mA-4mA = .1mA or 100uA) Also, remember that IB controls IC and IE, not the other way around. You can also determine IB if Beta is known by the formula: IC = IB * Beta Which can be manipulated to equal IB = IC/Beta Hope this was helpful.
In physics, an alpha emitter is a radioactive substance which decays by emitting alpha particles.
Because there is more energy available, and beta+ decay requires an energy contribution, as opposed to beta-.
Gain, in the common emitter amplifier, is beta (hFe) or collector resistance divided by emitter resistance, whichever is less. Substituting a different beta (hFe) transistor will affect gain, if hFe is less, or increase stability and design margin, if hFe is greater.
Bismuth-214
Cesium-137
Sodium-22
On the emitter there is base current which is basically a function of Beta and only at that particular current. Unfortunately the beta factor is a non linear function and it is strictly related to collector current
Most likely gamma radiations emitter so that they can penetrate t5he ground layers to reach the detector while alpha and beta would be instantly stopped. Also the radioisotope has to be of a short half-life time (not extremely short) so that it would not remain in the water (if it'a a water pipe leakage) for long causing harm to humans.
N-16
Technetium-99m is used as tracer in medicine and as beta-emitter standard source.
No, Beta plummets dramatically. Operation would be severely degraded.
Iodine 131 -> Xe 131 + e-