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To design a simple integrator with an op amp, place a resistor and capacitor in series in the feedback loop, between output and inverting input. Place another resistor from circuit input to the inverting input. Ground the non-inverting input. The current through the input resistor will be balanced with the current through the feedback resistor. Since there is a capacitor also, the voltage slope at the output will be proportional to the current. If you want the capacitor to discharge faster in one direction, you can place a diode (and optional resistor) across the feedback resistor.

This works because the capacitor resists a change in voltage, proportional to current, and inversely proportional to capacitance. The equation is dv/dt = i/c. This means that dv/dt is linear with constant i and c.

In this configuration, a constant current input will be balanced with a linear voltage ramp on the output, limited only by the range of the op amp. Constrast this with a simple RC circuit - with constant voltage, the RC circuit will exhibit a logarithmic output.

If, for instance, you were to drive this circuit with a square wave, the output would be triangular. With the diode, the output would be sawtooth.

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