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You can detect overflow if the result turns out to be negative (which is the same as checking to see if the sign bit is 1).

For example if you tried to add 5 and 6 in to 4-bit 2s complement, you would get

0101 + 0110 = 1011, which is a negative number since the sign bit (the 1 on the left) is a 1. This is an overflow.

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