How kanamycine and amplycine resistance in becteria?

Answer 1

Kanamycin and ampicillin resistance in bacteria typically occurs through specific genetic mechanisms. Bacteria can acquire genes that encode enzymes capable of inactivating these antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes for kanamycin and beta-lactamases for ampicillin. Additionally, mutations in bacterial ribosomal RNA or penicillin-binding proteins can alter the target sites of these antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. Horizontal gene transfer, such as conjugation or transformation, often facilitates the spread of resistance genes among bacterial populations.