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What is the definition of pressure shaft in dam construction in civil engineering?

Pressure Shaft is enclosed pipe/channel used to deliver/feed water to hydraulic turbines in respect of hydro power plant.


What is the word of a pipe or channel that carries water from a distant source?

The word for a pipe or channel that carries water from a distant source is "aqueduct." Aqueducts are designed to transport water for various purposes, including irrigation, drinking water supply, and industrial use. They can be constructed above ground or as underground conduits, depending on the landscape and engineering requirements.


What is the meaning of UPN steel channel and UPN stand what for?

UPN steel channel refers to a specific type of steel channel profile that has a U-shaped cross-section with parallel flanges. The "UPN" stands for "European standard U-section," which is a designation used primarily in Europe. UPN channels are commonly used in construction and engineering applications for structural support due to their strength and versatility. They are typically made from carbon steel and are available in various sizes and thicknesses.


How much load that 100X50 channel can withstand?

The load capacity of a 100x50 channel (typically referring to a steel channel) depends on several factors, including the material grade, length of the channel, and how the load is applied (e.g., uniformly or concentrated). Generally, structural engineers use specific formulas and design codes to calculate the load-bearing capacity based on these parameters. For precise calculations, it is best to consult engineering tables or perform structural analysis using software tailored for such evaluations. Always consider safety factors and local building codes in your design.


How does concrete or asphalt affect flooding?

Covering land with concrete or asphalt means that the rain cannot soak into the soil and instead flows along the surface. This reduces the lag time for the water to get into the river and can cause flooding as the river channel fills up much more quickly than before.