Two, either in NPN or PNP transistors
In most discrete bipolar junction transistors the substrate is the collector. In monolithic integrated circuits the bipolar junction transistors are electrically isolated from the substrate, either by reversed biased junctions or insulator (e.g. sapphire). Some older bipolar junction transistor types (usually made with germanium) the substrate is the base. In bipolar point contact transistors the substrate was the base.
Transistors can be either in an "on" state, allowing current to flow, or in an "off" state, blocking current. This binary operation enables them to represent the fundamental bits of data—0s and 1s—essential for digital computing. By combining millions or billions of transistors, CPUs can perform complex calculations and execute instructions efficiently. Thus, transistors serve as the building blocks for digital circuits and logical operations within the CPU.
The primary reason that NPN transistors are used more often than PNP transistors is that they usually operate faster (at higher frequencies) because the mobility of the current carriers in NPN transistors (electrons) is much higher than that of the current carriers in PNP transistors (holes).
You need to know the specifications for the transistors and search for them on the internet.
on or off
Two, either in NPN or PNP transistors
Actually either can be used.
Transistors have two basic functions: # an electrically controlled electric switch # an electrically controlled "proportional valve" which can alter currents and voltages, or can amplify electric signals. Transistors can also be configured as Oscillators which provide an AC signal with constant frequency. Either an amplifier circuit or a switching circuit can be wired as an oscillator. Transistors can be used to form logic gates: And, Or, and Invert. Computers are made from logic gates, so computers can be made entirely from transistors. Transistors are in use in virtually all electronic devices. PC processors are composed of millions of tiny transistors. A transistor radio may have had only 6-10 transistors to enable operation. A late model car may have 10 to 15 computers comprised of thousands of transistors to perform all manner of operations in the vehicle.
Yes, transistors can control the flow of electrons. By applying a small electrical signal to the transistor, it can either allow or block the flow of current through it, acting as a switch or an amplifier in electronic circuits.
Power transistors are transistors that are used in high-power amplifiers and power supplies.
Transistors are made out of semiconductors, yes.
In most discrete bipolar junction transistors the substrate is the collector. In monolithic integrated circuits the bipolar junction transistors are electrically isolated from the substrate, either by reversed biased junctions or insulator (e.g. sapphire). Some older bipolar junction transistor types (usually made with germanium) the substrate is the base. In bipolar point contact transistors the substrate was the base.
Silicon and germanium are the elements used in transistors
Silicon and germanium are the elements used in transistors
The primary reason that NPN transistors are used more often than PNP transistors is that they usually operate faster (at higher frequencies) because the mobility of the current carriers in NPN transistors (electrons) is much higher than that of the current carriers in PNP transistors (holes).
Transistors can be either in an "on" state, allowing current to flow, or in an "off" state, blocking current. This binary operation enables them to represent the fundamental bits of data—0s and 1s—essential for digital computing. By combining millions or billions of transistors, CPUs can perform complex calculations and execute instructions efficiently. Thus, transistors serve as the building blocks for digital circuits and logical operations within the CPU.