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'Activity on Node' (AoN) is a project management technique used in network diagrams where each node represents an activity, and arrows indicate dependencies. Its advantages include clear visualization of project tasks and their interdependencies, facilitating better understanding of project flow. AoN also aids in identifying critical paths, enabling more effective scheduling and resource allocation. Additionally, it simplifies updates and adjustments to the project plan as changes can be made at individual nodes without disrupting the overall structure.
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Explain any two advantages using Single linked list over Doubly linked list and vice-versa?
Advantages of single linked list: # Decrease in storage space per linked list node # Simpler implementation Advantages of double linked list # Decrease in work when accessing a random node # Decrease in work when inserting or deleting a node
Write an iterative function to search an element in a binary search tree?
_node* search (_node* head, _key key) { _node* node; for (node=head; node != NULL;;) { if (key == node->key) return node; else if (key < node.>key) node = node->left; else node = node->right; } return node; }
Algoritm for deleting the last element from a list?
Given a list and a node to delete, use the following algorithm: // Are we deleting the head node? if (node == list.head) { // Yes -- assign its next node as the new head list.head = node.next } else // The node is not the head node { // Point to the head node prev = list.head // Traverse the list to locate the node that comes immediately before the one we want to delete while (prev.next != node) { prev = prev.next; } end while // Assign the node's next node to the previous node's next node prev.next = node.next; } end if // Before deleting the node, reset its next node node.next = null; // Now delete the node. delete node;
Is null node equal to leaf node?
No. A leaf node is a node that has no child nodes. A null node is a node pointer that points to the null address (address zero). Since a leaf node has no children, its child nodes are null nodes.
How many pointers will have to be changed if a node is deleted from a linear linked list?
For a singly-linked list, only one pointer must be changed. If the node about to be deleted (let's call it node for the sake of argument) is the head of the list, then the head node pointer must be changed to node->next. Otherwise, the node that comes before the deleted node must change its next pointer to node->next. Note that given a singly-linked node has no knowledge of its previous node, we must traverse the list from the head in order to locate that particular node, unless the node is the head of the list: void remove (List* list, Node* node) { if (!list !node) return; // sanity check!if (list->head == node) {list->head = node->next;} else {Node* prev = list->head;while (prev->next != node) prev = prev->next; // locate the node's previous nodeprev->next = node->next;}} Note that the remove function only removes the node from the list, it does not delete it. This allows us to restore the node to its original position, because the node itself was never modified (and thus still refers to its next node in the list). So long as we restore all removed nodes in the reverse order they were removed, we can easily restore the list. In order to delete a node completely, we simply remove it and then free it:void delete (List* list, Node* node) {if (!list !node) return; // sanity check!remove (list, node);free (node);} For a doubly-linked list, either two or four pointers must be changed. If the node about to be deleted is the head node, then the head node pointer must be changed to n->next and n->next->prev must be changed to NULL, otherwise, n->prev->next becomes n->next. In addition, if the node about to be deleted is the tail node, then the tail node pointer must be changed to n->prev and n->prev->next must be changed to NULL, otherwise, n->next->prev becomes n->prev. Deletion from a doubly-linked list is generally quicker than deletion from a singly linked list because a node in a doubly-linked list knows both its previous node and its next node, so there's no need to traverse the list to locate the previous node to the one being deleted. void remove (List* list, Node* node) {if (!list !node) return; // sanity check!if (list->head == node) {list->head = node->next;node->next->prev = NULL;} else {node->prev->next = node->next; }if (list->tail == node) {list->tail = node->prev;node->prev->next = NULL;} else {node->next->prev = node->prev; }} Again, to physically delete the node we simply remove and then free the node:void delete (List* list, Node* node) {if (!list !node) return; // sanity check!remove (list, node); free (node); }
What is Activity-on-node?
Activity on node is a diagram where every node (circle) represents an activity.
Explain any two advantages using Single linked list over Doubly linked list and vice-versa?
Advantages of single linked list: # Decrease in storage space per linked list node # Simpler implementation Advantages of double linked list # Decrease in work when accessing a random node # Decrease in work when inserting or deleting a node
What is the sinoatrial node?
The sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node controls the Cardiac Cycle- The Sinoatrial node is often called the Pace maker.The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of the right atrium. The Sinoatrial node emits a wave of electrical activity which reaches both Atria which causes them to contract, the wave of electrical activity is prevented from reaching the ventricles by the atrioventricular septum.Eventually the electrical activity will reach the Atrioventricular node which is situated between the atria.The Atrioventricular node conveys this along specialised muscle fibres called The Bundle of His.The bundle of his fibres release this electrical activity at the apex of the heart which causes both ventricles to contract at the same time.
What is an activity-on-node diagram and how is it used in project management?
An activity-on-node diagram is a visual representation of project tasks and their dependencies. It is used in project management to show the sequence of activities and their relationships, helping to plan and schedule tasks efficiently.
Do nerve impulses travel down the internodal pathways from the av node?
No, nerve impulses travel down the internodal pathways towards the AV node, not from it. The internodal pathways conduct the impulse from the SA node to the AV node, assisting in the synchronization of the heart's electrical activity.
Does EKG measure voltage?
Of course it does. That is main purpose of it. It is related to the heart node electircal activity.
What are the advantages of the routine activity theory?
othun
If the av node were forced to assume pacemaker activity what would be the resulting pulse rate?
40-60
What is responsible for initiating the heart beat?
The hearts electrical activity starts with the sino-atrial node in the right atrium, which sends its impulse to the rest of the heart causing contraction. However it the SA node fails there are still two backups, the AV Junction, and the purkinje fibers, however they are not able to send out impulses as fast and the contractions aren't as efficient.
What is the cardiac effect of a drug that blocks parasympathetic activity?
Increased firing of the sinoatrial node (SA) and conduction through the atrioventricular node (AV) of the heart, because the actions of the vagus nerve are opposed/blocked.
What is the correct sequence of cardiac electrical activity?
The impulses from SA node spread through out the atrial musculature in about 0.09 seconds, and parallel to it, the impulses also reach the AV node. From AV node, after a delay of about 0.12 seconds they pass to the inter ventricular septum through the Bundle of His, which soon divides into Left and Right Bundle branch and ultimately into the Purkinje fibers which first depolarize the endocardium of the ventricles and then the rest of ventricular musculature. SA Node --> Atria, AV node --> Bundle of His --> Right & Left Bundle Branches --> Purkinje fibers
Compare and contrast activity-on-node versus activity-on-arrow project networks?
A project network illustrates the relationships between activities (or tasks) in the project. Showing the activities as nodes or on arrows between event nodes are two main ways to draw those relationships. With activities on arrow (AOA) diagrams, you are limited to showing only the finish-to-start relationships - that is, the arrow can represent only that the activity spans the time from the event at the start of the arrow to the event at the end. As well, "dummy" activities have to be added to show some of the more complex relationships and dependencies between activities. These diagrams came into use in the 1950's, but are now falling into disuse. Activity on node (AON) diagrams place the activity on the node, and the interconnection arrows illustrate the dependencies between the activities. There are more flexible and can show all of the major types of relationships. Since the activity is on a node, the emphasis (and more data) usually can be placed on the activity. AOA diagrams emphasize the milestones (events); AON networks emphasize the tasks.
