Group velocity in a waveguide is speed at which EM energy travels in the guide.It will always be less then speed light.
Rectangular Waveguide - TE10; (TM11 in case of TM waves) Circular Waveguide - TE11;
Moisture in the air in a waveguide can scatter the microwave energy the waveguide is designed to transport. This translates into signal loss or attenuation. The VSWR drops, and that is not a good thing.
waveguide is a metal pipe that contains and guides microwaves from place to place in a microwave system (e.g. oscillators, amplifiers, mixers, modulators, filters, antennas)horn antenna has a waveguide connected at its focus, in transmit mode the waveguide feeds the horn which then emits a microwave beam, in receive mode the horn collects a microwave beam and concentrates it int the waveguide
Horn Antenna is best exited by waveguide
It replaces a coax cable, which won't work at those frequencies.
When a wave enters a waveguide from air, the phase velocity will decrease. This is because waveguides typically have a higher refractive index than air, causing the wave to slow down as it enters the waveguide.
Guide wavelength is defined as the distance between two equal phase planes along the waveguide. The guide wavelength is a function of operating wavelength (or frequency) and the lower cutoff wavelength, and is always longer than the wavelength would be in free-space. Here's the equation for guide wavelength:Guide wavelength is used when you design distributed structures in waveguide. For example, if you are making a PIN diode switch with two shunt diodes spaces 3/4 wavelength apart, use the 3/4 of a guide wavelength in your design. The guide wavelength in waveguide is longer than wavelength in free space. This isn't intuitive, it seems like the dielectric constant in waveguide must be less than unity for this to happen... don't think about this too hard you will get a headache. === ===
In a waveguide, the effective wavelength is greater than the free space wavelength because the wave is confined within the boundaries of the waveguide, which results in a reduction in the phase velocity. This reduction in velocity causes the wavelength to appear longer in the guide compared to in free space.
Rectangular Waveguide - TE10; (TM11 in case of TM waves) Circular Waveguide - TE11;
Group velocity is the speed at which the envelope of a wave packet propagates, carrying energy and information. Phase velocity is the speed at which the individual wave crests propagate. In some cases, the group velocity can exceed the phase velocity, such as in the case of dispersive media.
Phase velocity refers to the speed at which the phase of a wave propagates through space, while group velocity refers to the speed at which the envelope of the wave (group of wave packets) propagates through space. In many situations, the phase velocity can be different from the group velocity, leading to phenomena like dispersion.
Moisture in the air in a waveguide can scatter the microwave energy the waveguide is designed to transport. This translates into signal loss or attenuation. The VSWR drops, and that is not a good thing.
The velocity of a wave which maintains consatnt phase at all successive positions during propogation is known as wave velocity or phase velocity. The velocity of a group of waves which maintains constant poditions during the propogation is known as group velocity.
waveguide is a metal pipe that contains and guides microwaves from place to place in a microwave system (e.g. oscillators, amplifiers, mixers, modulators, filters, antennas)horn antenna has a waveguide connected at its focus, in transmit mode the waveguide feeds the horn which then emits a microwave beam, in receive mode the horn collects a microwave beam and concentrates it int the waveguide
The waves that cannot be transmitted in a waveguide are those that have a wavelength longer than the cutoff wavelength of the waveguide. These waves are unable to propagate efficiently within the waveguide due to the cutoff phenomenon which restricts their transmission.
Group velocity is the velocity of the energy or information carried by a wave packet in a medium. It represents how fast the shape of the wave packet moves through the medium while maintaining its integrity. It can be different from the phase velocity of the individual waves that make up the packet.
Horn antenna are typically fed by a section of a waveguide, the waveguide itself is often fed with a short dipole.