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Why the phase velocity in a waveguide can exceed the velocity of light?

Guide wavelength is defined as the distance between two equal phase planes along the waveguide. The guide wavelength is a function of operating wavelength (or frequency) and the lower cutoff wavelength, and is always longer than the wavelength would be in free-space. Here's the equation for guide wavelength:Guide wavelength is used when you design distributed structures in waveguide. For example, if you are making a PIN diode switch with two shunt diodes spaces 3/4 wavelength apart, use the 3/4 of a guide wavelength in your design. The guide wavelength in waveguide is longer than wavelength in free space. This isn't intuitive, it seems like the dielectric constant in waveguide must be less than unity for this to happen... don't think about this too hard you will get a headache. === ===


What will happen if frequency of modulating signal is greater than the carrier signal in amplitude modulation?

Then the signal will be the same amplitude.


How do dispersion forces occur?

Dispersion is due to refraction. In optics, dispersion is a phenomenon that causes the separation of a wave into spectral components with different wavelengths, due to a dependence of the wave's speed on its wavelength. It is most often described in light waves, but it may happen to any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or can be confined to a waveguide, such as sound waves. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature. There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion, which comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves; and waveguide dispersion, which occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide depends on its frequency. The transverse modes for waves confined laterally within a finite waveguide generally have different speeds (and field patterns) depending upon the frequency (that is, on the relative size of the wave, the wavelength, compared the size of the waveguide). Dispersion in a waveguide used for telecommunication results in signal degradation, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time. A similar phenomenon is modal dispersion, caused by a waveguide having multiple modes at a given frequency, each with a different speed. A special case of this is polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which comes from a superposition of two modes that travel at different speeds due to random imperfections that break the symmetry of the waveguide.


What happen to the frequency if the electrical line has a load?

Frequency is set by the supply, not by the load.


When did Frequency - video game - happen?

Frequency - video game - happened in 2001.


What happen when a population is in a Hardy equilibrium?

Allele frequency is stable The phenotype frequency does not change.


What will happen to the earth in 2012?

the earth's frequency will rise


What happen when The greater the speed of gas particles in a container the?

greater the pressure


Who invented frequency distribution?

Nobody invented frequency distribution. Events happen, as is the nature of events. Some events can have different outcomes and a frequency distribution is simply the proportion of times that these different outcomes happen (empirical freq distrib) or are expected to happen based on scientific laws (theoretical freq distrib).


What happen to light of certain frequency that encounters atoms of the same resonant frequency?

The light is absorbed by the atom and excites the atom.


What are the difference between dispersion and deviation?

DISPERSION In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon that the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency.[1] In a prism, dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into spectral components of different wavelengths. Dispersion is most often described in light waves, but it may happen to any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or can be confined to a waveguide, such as sound waves. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature.There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. This type of dispersion leads to signal degradation in telecommunications because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time.DEVIATIONA deviation is a difference or the (real or metaphorical) route followed by a different choice.Deviation can refer to:Deviation (statistics), the difference between the value of an observation and the mean of the population in mathematics and statistics.Standard deviation, which is based on the square of the difference.Absolute deviation, where the absolute value of the difference is used.Frequency deviation, the maximum allowed "distance" in FM radio from the nominal frequency a station broadcasts at.Magnetic deviation, the error induced in compasses by local magnetic fields.Deviationism, an expressed belief which is not in accordance with official party doctrine.Deviation Records, a record label.Deviant behavior, a behavior that is a recognized violation of social norms.Deviates is also the name of an American punk rock band.


What happen when a population is is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Allele frequency is stable