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What is the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) when a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit contains a VCO?
The output of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is a periodic waveform, typically a sine or square wave, whose frequency is controlled by the input voltage. This voltage is derived from the phase comparator in the PLL, which adjusts the VCO frequency to match the frequency of a reference signal. As the PLL locks onto the reference signal, the VCO output frequency stabilizes, ensuring that it is phase-locked with the reference. This output can be used for various applications, including frequency synthesis and modulation.
What is phase opposition disposition modulation?
For phase opposition disposition (POD) modulation all carrier waveforms above zero reference are in phase and are 180 out of phase with those below zero.
How do you calculate antenna element?
This question cannot be answered as it gives no reference to the calculation your looking for: Frequency, Range, load, etc.
What are different applications of the diode?
Different applications of diode include:Rectification of voltageswitching circuitsclamping applicationsvoltage reference (zener Diode)phase lock loop/FFLinfrared applicationssignal amplifierssensorshigh frequency micro-wave oscillators.
What is the impulse response in first ode system?
g = 1/(m*wd)*[e^(-ζ*wn*t)*sin( wd*t)] where: m = mass wd = damped frequency ζ = damping ratio wn = natural frequency t= time The convolution integral approach is a useful solving technique. reference: Mechanical and Structural Vibrations (Theory and Applications) author; Jerry H. Ginsberg
Adaptive lms algorithms for blind channel equalization?
See the reference by Sato A Method of Self-Recovering Equalization for Multilevel Amplitude-Modulation Systems YOICHI SAT0 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, JUNE 1975
Why do you get a staircase output in the quantization process of Pulse Code Modulation?
quantisation is the assigning the signal amplitudes to some levels,if amplitude is 4.8 we treat it as 5 and when it is 3.1 the output value is 3 thus we are assigning the amplitude to some reference levels thus corresponds to different amplitudes we get different quantisation output hence we get staircase signal
What is the meaning of the term frequency swing in reference to a FM broadcast station?
Frequency swing is nothing but the deviation or the frequency change from the reference frequency
What does am stand for in reference to radio?
Amplitude Modulation, this is the standard Am broadcast band from 540-l600 KHZ or Kilocycles as was the older term, Called also Longwave, as opposed to shortwave, sometimes in Europe High Am band(like say l0l0 Wins in NYC) is considered Medium Wave in radio parlance. Quite distinct from FM which is , of course Frequency Modulation and is tops for fidelity and clarity of tone- good for music and also used for TV Sound! FM really is the Top End, to borrow the popular phrase.
Which is a property of light waves but not sound waves?
why cannot it be both? by definition, amplititude is the extreme range of fluctuating quantity. swing range of a pendulum, current flow,bla,bla,bla. amplitude MODULATION is in reference to radio waves with regards to signal RANGE ie: AM Radio- amplitude modulation am bounces and the range of frequency is modulated within the extreme band withs of the wave.
What is the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) when a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit contains a VCO?
The output of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is a periodic waveform, typically a sine or square wave, whose frequency is controlled by the input voltage. This voltage is derived from the phase comparator in the PLL, which adjusts the VCO frequency to match the frequency of a reference signal. As the PLL locks onto the reference signal, the VCO output frequency stabilizes, ensuring that it is phase-locked with the reference. This output can be used for various applications, including frequency synthesis and modulation.
What difference between ask and psk and fsk?
Analog data is carried by an alternating current. If we were to graphically represent alternating current, it would appear as a wave, with voltage bouncing above and below the zero level. There are three factors to consider: frequency, amplitude, and phase.Frequency is the rate at which the current alternates above and below the zero current level. When the current rises above zero, dips below zero and then returns to zero, we say the current has completed one "cycle". The name applied to the number of cycles per second is Hertz (Hz). Therefore, if there are 500 cycles per second for an analog signal, we say the frequency is 500 Hertz (500 Hz).Amplitude would be viewed as the height (peak) and the depth (trough) of the graphic wave. As analog data travels over distance, the amplitude of the wave decreases. This characteristic is called "attenuation". The amplitude of analog waves is measured in watts, amps or volts. The measurement decibel is often used to describe the power of a signal.Finally, phase describes the difference in the start of the cycle of one signal to the start of the cycle of another. One signal acts as a reference signal, the other signal is the phased signal. The level of non-synchronization is measured in degrees. If a signal is 180º out of phase, it means that as the reference signal reaches zero voltage following a peak, the phased signal begins. Thus as the reference signal is peaking, the phased signal is (for lack of a better term) troughing. The figure below illustrates this more clearly.Phasing is the result of creating a signal out of sync with a reference signal.Altering the frequency, amplitude or phase of a signal is called modulation.ASK:AM radio is produced by taking a basic signal (radio wave) and modulating its amplitude according to another signal (i.e. voice and music). AM stands for Amplitude Modulation. We may use the same technology for carrying computer data as well. For digital data, it's called Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK).Figure 5.2: Amplitude Modulation can be used to encode data in analog signals.FSK: FM radio is produced by taking a basic signal (radio wave) and modulating its frequency according to another signal (i.e. music and voice). In this case, FM is an acronym for Frequency Modulation. In the digital data realm, the same technology can be applied using Frequency-Shift Keying(FSK). Fig illustrates a couple of examples.Figure 5.3: Frequency Modulation may be used to encode data into an analog signal as well.PSK:Figure 5.4: Phase Modulation can be used to encode data in an analog signal. The amplitude is varied in some technologies.In analyzing methods for carrying digital data, Amplitude-Shift Keying is fairly easy to accomplish. On the other hand, any kind of amplitude modulated signal is very susceptible to outside interference. Therefore, ASK is not really suitable for transmission over long distances.Just as FM radio is not generally affected by weather, neither are FSK transmissions. In spite of this, Frequency-Shift Modulation is seldom used for transmission over high-speed lines as the technology does not allow as many bits per second throughput as PSK does.Phase-Shift Keying technology is what is utilized by most high speed modern modems. It allows four different phases (in degrees) to encode data. The result is a potential for 600 phase shifts per second. Each phase shift represents a certain combination of 2 bits (i.e. 00 01 10 or 11). It then logically follows that since two bits are transmitted per phase shift and there are 600 phase shifts per second.PSK is very resistant to external interference as it enjoys most of the same characteristics that FM or FSK devices do. The signals encoded using PSK may be used for synchronization purposes as well for the sender and receiver.
What is the significance of the phase constant in a graph and how does it affect the behavior of the system being represented?
The phase constant in a graph represents the shift in the wave or signal compared to a reference point. It affects the behavior of the system by determining the timing and alignment of different components in the system. A change in the phase constant can lead to changes in the amplitude and frequency of the system's output, impacting its overall performance and characteristics.
What is phase opposition disposition modulation?
For phase opposition disposition (POD) modulation all carrier waveforms above zero reference are in phase and are 180 out of phase with those below zero.
What is relative amplitude?
Relative amplitude is a measure of the size of a wave in comparison to a reference point or another wave. It is expressed as a ratio or percentage of the maximum amplitude of a wave. In essence, it describes how strong or weak a wave is compared to a baseline or another wave.
When there are more wave passing through the reference point in a period of timewhich wave characteristics also increase?
If more waves pass through a reference point in a given period of time, the frequency of the waves will increase. Frequency is a measure of how many waves pass a point in a given amount of time, so an increase in waves passing through a reference point will result in a higher frequency.
What is frequency offset?
the difference between the source freq. and the reference freq
