HTML is read by a browser and a browser works at the Application Layer.
Bridges and switches operate at the same OSI layer - layer 2. That means they switch packets based on the destination MAC address. A switch is sometimes called a multi-port bridge.A bridge has 2 ports, whereas a switch can have many more than that.
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Encapsulation in layered communications refers to the process of wrapping data with protocol information as it moves down the layers of the OSI or TCP/IP model. Each layer adds its own header (and sometimes trailer) to the data from the layer above, creating a "packet" at the transport layer, a "frame" at the data link layer, and so on. This method allows each layer to operate independently while ensuring that the necessary information is available for proper data transmission and reception. Ultimately, encapsulation facilitates modular communication by allowing different networking protocols to work together seamlessly.
The OSI Model
The application layer.
Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model. The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI Model.
Hubs are a physical layer (layer 1) device; most switches operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the OSI model.
1. Repeaters (Operate at the OSI Physical Layer).2. Bridges (Operate at the OSI Data Link Layer).3. Routers {and Brouters} (Operate at the OSI Network Layer).
Layer 3
The NIC operates on Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI Model.
Router works in Network Layer of OSI model
Network Layer
Layer 2 - Data Link
All layers.
Layer 5 - Session layer
it works in layer 2