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The monolithic integrated circuit was invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958. It was made of a single crystal of germanium. Although all the components were made together in that crystal their interconnections still had to be wired.

In early 1959 Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor invented an improved integrated circuit using silicon. The use of silicon instead of germanium allowed passivation of the chip surface with an insulating layer of silicon dioxide and interconnecting the components with a layer of metal over that. These were the first practical monolithic integrated circuits and Kilby's original design never went into production.

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13y ago

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