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at full input, if the transistor is working, the value of capacitor will be 0.
It depends on the transistor. Minimum base-emitter junction voltage can be as low as 0.6 volts for a silicon transistor, and as low as 0.2 volts for a germanium transistor.
It is very difficult to identify transistor watts from the package, due to the increase in dissipation that can be obtained from a heat sink -- not normally provided with the transistor. In your case however, the TCG102A should cross reference to the standard ECG line of electronic components. Find the ratings you seek by searching for the electrical characteristics of the ECG-102A transistor.
Transistor failure can occur due to a variety of reason. The following are some of them. Age Aging of transistor due to temperature variations inside the components due to carrying current can cause failure. The electrical properties of the materials inside can drift due to age. External Causes External causes such as spikes in the power supply, heat, mechanical damage can also result in transistor failures. Hence, all transistors should be adequately protected against overvoltage. Poor Circuit design. Improperly chosen components and wrong circuit design can also result in transistor failure. Hence, all components in the circuit should be properly rated with sufficient allowance for overloading and temperature rise. The failure of one component can lead to cascade failures of other components. Overheating Overheating is the most common cause of transistor failure. Hence, it is important that transistors be provided with cooling mechanism. Devices which contain temperature-sensitive electronic components should be kept in air conditioned environments. Electrostatic Discharge Electrostatic discharge can also damage transistors. Hence proper precautions against Electrostatic Discharge Should be taken.
To know about the advantages of TTL logic family, one should have a basic idea about RTL, DTL etc. Diode logic (DL) uses diodes to implement logical functions like AND and OR. But the disadvantage is that it can not perform NOT operation. As AND and OR are not complete functions by themselves, they can not perform several logic functions without NOT. Hence, there was a need for some device which can perform a NOT function as diodes can not. That device is a transistor. Then came the DTL which uses a transistor along with diodes. As a transistor can act as an inverter, NAND (NOT-AND) & NOR (NOT-OR) operations can be performed. But this logic uses several diodes which will slow down its operation. Due to the delay offered by them, the logic levels may sometimes change i. e. 0 t0 1 or 1 to 0. Then came TTL. This logic uses a multi emitter transistor, a transistor with many emitter terminals. As every emitter is nothing but a diode, this logic eliminates the use of all diodes. This is the major advantage. As transistor becomes ON and OFF much rapidly than a diode, switching time will be faster. TTL, or Transistor-transistor logic replaced resistor-transistor logic, and used much less power. The TTL family is very fast and reliable, and newer faster, less power-consuming, etc. types are always being developed. = In TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), think that the device using this technology is made from several transistors. Another advantage is that many more chips employ this technology.
For a transistor to be in active region : Base Emitter junction should be forward biased and Emitter collector junction should be reverse biased.
An op amp must remain in its active region for virtual ground to be preserved.
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Emitter-Base junction should be forward biased.Collector-Base junction should be reverse biased.
at full input, if the transistor is working, the value of capacitor will be 0.
A transistor acts like a valve or gate that opens and closes, and allows a current to flow. Since the amount of current that flows is controlled by another input, they can be used to make amplifiers. Carbon microphones and vacuum tubes have the same property, and so have also been used to make amplifiers historically.
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To know if a transistor is PNP or an NPN,the following should be verified:For a PNP transistor, the base-collector junction is forward biased while the base-emitter junction is reversed biased.For an NPN transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward biased while the base -collector junction is reversed biased.
It depends on the transistor. Minimum base-emitter junction voltage can be as low as 0.6 volts for a silicon transistor, and as low as 0.2 volts for a germanium transistor.
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You can consider using the silicon transistor 2N3904 as an equivalent for the AC128. The 2N3904 is a general-purpose NPN transistor commonly used in various amplifier and switching applications. Remember to check datasheets and specifications to ensure compatibility with your circuit requirements.
It would be zero because there is a leakage.