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Micro measurements are nessessery because DNA is so small and microscopic and other measurements are simply too large (they are bigger than the DNA).

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What is micro DNA?

Micro DNA is a segment of DNA that has about 25 base pairs repeated roughly 1000 times.


Why does DNA ligase require ATP or NAD plus to connect two Okazaki fragments?

DNA ligase requires ATP or NAD+ to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. These molecules provide the necessary energy and phosphate group for the ligation process. Specifically, ATP is hydrolyzed to AMP and pyrophosphate, or NAD+ is converted to NADH, facilitating the joining of the DNA strands by forming a covalent bond at the sugar-phosphate backbone. This process is essential for the integrity and continuity of the newly synthesized DNA strand.


Why primers are phosphorylated in 5' end?

Primers are phosphorylated at the 5' end to facilitate the initiation of DNA synthesis during PCR and other molecular biology techniques. The phosphate group is necessary for the attachment of the primer to the DNA polymerase enzyme, allowing it to extend the primer by adding nucleotides. Additionally, phosphorylation helps ensure that the primers can be efficiently ligated or incorporated into the DNA strand, enhancing the overall efficiency of the amplification process.


What is the function of CL buffer in DNA extraction?

In a DNA extraction, the purpose of a buffer is to solubilize DNA as well as RNA. Because of this, it prevents the DNA for degrading.


What is DNA cloning?

DNA cloning is the production of large number of identical DNA molecules from a single ancestral DNA molecule. It is of two types 1. cell based DNA cloning 2. cell free DNA cloning