None. There is no Yiddish name that has the same meaning as Arthur, mainly because the meaning of Arthur is unknown.
Arthur could be derived from the Celtic elements artos "bear" combined with viros "man" or rigos "king". Alternatively it could be related to an obscure Roman family name Artorius. Arthur is the name of the central character in Arthurian legend, a 6th-century king of the Britons who resisted Saxon invaders. He may or may not have been a real person.
"Eau des merveilles" would be translated "water from the marvels" in English.
"Ahedres" is a Tagalog word. The English translation of "ahedres" would be "hairpin". "Ahedres" can also translated to the game "chess".
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Names are not ordinarily translated, so either Marcela or Marcella would remain the same. One variant in English is the name Marcia.
This is a French phrase which translated to English means Christmas Song or Christmas Carol as Americans like to call it. It refers to any song that you would sing at Christmas like Jingle Bells or We Wish You a Merry Christmas.
Scott would be translated to Yiddish as "שקאַט" (S'hkot).
I'd say a close match for scoundrel would be "gonif".
The name Olga would be spelled as "Olga" in English. It is not a Yiddish name.
"Would also" in English is également in French.
"I would like" in English is Vorrei in Italian.
"Si" in English can be translated as "yes."
Mazldik is the word for lucky when used on its own, and would be inflected to indicate its use as a feminine adjective as mazldike, masculine would be mazldiker. There are other forms for other grammatical cases.
Akan
Bubba (an English nickname name) = באבהBubbe (a Yiddish term of endearment) = בובע
Same as in English, since both languages got it from the same place. Only with a Yiddish accent, it would sound more like "dawktawr". Straight from German. .................................................................................................... "Dokter" in Yiddish refers to a physician. "Doktor" in Yiddish refers to person holding a doctorate degree (Ph. D.) The stress is on the first syllable, and in speech the distinction between the two words is usually lost, but if you wish to use the word correctly in written Yiddish, now you know how! Source: Uriel Weinreich, Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary (NY: YIVO: 1968).
piacerebbe a lei
I think it would be the same