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Usually, elements of writing are separate from grammar. Grammatical concerns are important in making writing correct and easy to read, but it is difficult to list all aspects of grammar (verb tenses, articles, plural forms, gerunds, infinitives, hypotheticals, etc).

Elements of writing differ from language to language as well as culturally and regionally. In the United States and other western cultures, there are basic conventions of writing an essay.

In the United States, an introduction should begin with general statements and grow more specific as the introduction continues. Traditionally, the introduction paragraph should end with the thesis statement, which is one sentence with the central idea of the essay. Often the thesis statement will also reveal the basic organization of the essay.

Body paragraphs should follow the introduction. Each body paragraph traditionally begins with a topic sentence that is related to the thesis statement. This sentence should state the subject of the paragraph as well as a controlling idea (what the write plans to write about the topic). The topic sentence should be a sentence that requires support. This support (in the form of examples, stories, details) traditionally follows the topic sentence and will complete the body paragraph. *It is not uncommon for experienced and widely-read writers to have no topic sentence at all, or to write the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph.

The conclusion should follow the body paragraphs and finish the essay. The writer should remind the readers of what they have read. New ideas related to the topic should generally be avoided in the conclusion. The thesis statement should be restated (repeated in different words).

In addition, there are style/format guidelines for academic writing. Examples are the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, the American Psychological Association (APA) style, Chicago Style, etc. Properly formatting essays can make them easier to read.

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