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What are the four popular variables of contingency approach in management?

During 1970s, the United States of America was suffering unprecedented social, economic and political instability, with the great impact posed on western society by the crisis of oil, and the changing environment all the industries were facing. Previous management theories, such as scientific management theory, science of behaviour management theory and so on, only focused on how to improve enterprises' internal organizational structure. Furthermore, what the vast majority of these theories pursued were models and principals of universal suitability and the best solution to the unstable environment. Unfortunately none of these theories worked. As a result, people no longer believed that there would be any certain theory that could provide the best solution. Instead, they must use different methods under the changing conditions. In 1973, there was a new theory carrying, called contingency theory. In contingency theory, Jay Galbraith (1973) stated that there is no one best way to organize; any way of organizing is not equally effective. Whatever the way, in which organizations construct their organizational structure, it is dependent upon the following four contingency variables: technology, size, degree of environment and the organizations' strategy. This essay is focus on how the four contingency variables influence organization's structure. The more contingency variables confronted by an organization, the more differentiated its structure needs to be. An organizational structure is a formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped and coordinated (Robbins, et al., 2003). The top managers of the organizations spend most of efforts to design the organization structure, in order to approach their objectives. To design the organizational structure, it involves six key elements, such as: work specialization, departmentalization, chain-of-command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization (Robbins, et al., 2003). The right organizational structure would allow their...


What are the four main forms of planning?

Strategic, Tactical, Operational and Contingency


In a two-way contingency table with four rows and four columns the appropriate degrees of freedom for the chi-square test statistic is?

The degrees of freedom for any contingency table can be calculated simply by the formula (r-1)x(c-1) where r= the number of rows and c= the number of columns. Thus for a contingency table with four rows and four columns the degrees of freedom are 3x3 = 9.


How do you solve x equals t-yz?

Because this equation has four variables, it would require four unique equations involving only these four variables to solve.


Why only four thermodynamic variable are defined?

The four defined thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature, and number of particles) are typically sufficient to fully describe the state of a system and predict its behavior. Any additional variables would be redundant or could be expressed in terms of the defined variables. These four variables form the foundation for understanding and applying the laws of thermodynamics.


What is the classic four PS classification of market mix variables?

The classic four Ps classification of marketing mix variables (product, price, promotion, and place) emerged as a marketing principle.


What are four phases of a research-based approach to buying?

research based approach to marketing


Explain the four major segmenting variables for consumer markets?

33554545


Perspectives on the design of work can be classified into what four major categories?

1) Perceptual-motor approach 2) Biological approach 3) Mechanistic approach 4) motivational approach


What are the four variables that can change the air?

temperature,volume,height and, water vapor


Can you graph an equation with four variables?

Graphing an equation with four variables directly in a traditional three-dimensional space is not possible since we can only visualize three dimensions at a time. However, one can represent four-variable equations using various techniques, such as fixing one or more variables at specific values and then graphing the resulting three-dimensional surface. Alternatively, data visualization techniques like hypercubes or projections can help illustrate relationships between four variables in a more abstract way.


How do you use four pronged approach in making a lesson plan?

The four-pronged approach was developed by Basilisa Manhit. The four parts are a love of reading, critical thinking, a master of the structures of the language, and a transfer stage.