d. variable ratio schedule
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A continuous reinforcement schedule typically leads to the fastest extinction rate. This is because the behavior is consistently reinforced, so when the reinforcement is removed, the behavior decreases rapidly.
A continuous reinforcement schedule rewards a behavior every time it occurs. This type of schedule is effective for quickly establishing and maintaining a new behavior.
Extinction (in classical conditioning) is the reduction of a learned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Also, the procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Intermittent reinforcement of behavior is a schedule of reinforcement in which only some of the occurrences of the instrumental response are reinforced. The instrumental response is reinforced occasionally, or intermittently.
A continuous reinforcement schedule, where a reward is given every time a desired behavior occurs, can lead to consistently high productivity. This helps in maintaining motivation and reinforcement of the behavior.
Reinforcement is given on an intermittent reinforcement schedule at varying and unpredictable intervals, such as after a specific number of responses (ratio schedule) or after a specific amount of time has passed (interval schedule). This type of reinforcement schedule can be more effective in maintaining behavior compared to continuous reinforcement.
A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement is a reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time following the last reinforcer or the beginning of the trial.
Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement because it creates a stronger resistance to extinction. When reinforcement is not given consistently, the behavior becomes more persistent as the individual continues to anticipate the reward. This leads to longer-lasting behavior change compared to continuous reinforcement, where the behavior may extinguish more quickly when the reward is removed.
Partial reinforcement is when an individual is rewarded on some, but not all, trials. There are multiple variants of partial reinforcement (fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio) but the schedule that is most likely to have the slowest extinction rate is variable ratio, meaning that after a certain number of trials between two values, a reward will be given. A real life example of this is gambling.
Answer:Continuous and partial. Partial reinforcement schedule can be: fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, variable-interval, or variable-ratio. See the related link below for more details. Answer:Continuous reinforcement is most effective at the start so the subject learns to associate the behavior with the reward. Afterword this is learned a switch to partial reinforcement can be done - more specifically, a variable-ratio schedule produces the strongest response and slowest extinction.
An example of a variable interval schedule of partial reinforcement is receiving a bonus at work on average every two weeks. The reinforcement (bonus) is given based on the passage of time (variable interval) and not every time the desired behavior occurs (partial reinforcement).
A variable ratio schedule is applied to operant learning. It is the rate in which a reinforcement (reward) for a particular behavior is obtained. A variable ratio schedule is when the reinforcement is sometimes won, sometimes not won.Example:1. Casinos. The reinforcement would be the money won. Sometimes the money is won, but sometimes it isn't.2. Abusive relationships. Sometimes the partner that is doing the abuse is nice, sometimes he/she isn't nice. The "kindness" is the reinforcement.The behavior is the same, but the rate in which the reinforcement is obtained varies.
In instrumental conditioning, a reinforcement schedule in which a specific number of responses are required before a reinforcer is delivered. For example, FR 5 means that reinforcement arrives after every fifth response.