The same way you would measure ANY angle.
To substitute butter for oil in a baking recipe, use a 1:1 ratio. Melt the butter and measure it in the same amount as the oil called for in the recipe. This will help maintain the texture and flavor of the baked goods.
If you are using it to fry meat or veggies, you may use either one but oil is better healthwise for your arteries. If you are making cakes, melt the lard before mixing into the batter. Lard is better to use for making cookies than oil. Oil will make a rather flat cookie.
Strangely worded question, but a tape measure will measure length.
Yes
same as the others
Not really; lard melts at a higher temperature than body temperature, which means it leaves a cloying taste in the mouth. (Butter melts at body temperature, making it perfect for icing). Also, lard tastes slightly unpleasant when used in large quantities.
Solve nearly any conversion at this site: http://www.onlineconversion.com/ By the way, the answer is 47.99.
Yes. "Girth" in this case is the same as "circumference". And yes, you can measure it at the largest point.
Perhaps it is a slightly less pleasant way of referring to ones' "muffin top"?
The same way all liquids dry, evaporation.
The same way you measure a TV screen, diagonally (any corner to opposite corner).