It could be safe to say that cows were starting to get selectively bred for dairy production before recorded history, such as before the 18th century and even 200 years before then.
A bred cow or a pregnant cow, or, in the dairy industry, just a cow. In sale barns, if she has a calf at side, she is also referred to as a 3-in-1 or a three-fer or suckling bred cow. If she's lactating, like in a beef or dairy herd, then she's called a nursing bred cow, lactating bred cow or bred lactating/milking dairy cow. If she's not nursing or lactating, she's called a dry bred cow non-lactating pregnant cow if you really want to get technical. In the dairy industry, a lactating heifer that has already had her first calf is referred to as a first-calf heifer; once she has a second calf she is generally referred to as a cow. In the beef industry, a heifer that is pregnant with her first calf is called a bred heifer.
Yes: to produce milk.
AI is a method for a dairy cow to get pregnant. She should catch (or get bred) within a day or two after being AI'd.
Oestrous is when the cow shows "heat" meaning she is ready to be bred.
Two to three months post-partum.
A cow should have offspring that have superior genetics to her. This includes good or better milking ability, mothering ability, calving ease, longevity, good weaning weights, good fertility and conformation, ability to convert forage efficiently, and have good masculine characteristics (for her sons) or feminine characteristics (in her daughters). If a cow is bred to produce calves for the market, they must have high weaning weights and great carcass characteristics. If a cow was bred to produce calves for dairy production, her daughters must have good milking ability (more quantity than quality) in order to be productive in the dairy herd.
There are dairy bulls. If the cow is not bred, she will not produce milk. Bulls are necessary to do this. Although, many cows are now artificially inseminated. Unless dairy heifers are needed to increase the herd or to replace cows that are too old, any bull's semen will do.
Dairy cows that are crossbred to zebu-type cattle are the best types that will handle a tropical climate. Even pure B. indicus cattle that are selectively bred for dairy production are the best for handling such climates.
Yes, but for best milk production yearly breeding is advised.
Yes, if she is continuously milked everyday without any breaks in between.
GOOD quality German Shepherd lines which are WORTH a lot are selectively bred. Poor bred German Shepherds are not, hence why they are not good quality.
The fruit part of the apple is selectively bred to improve characteristics such as taste, size, color, and texture.