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Top consumers, or apex predators, are most at risk from bioaccumulation because they occupy higher trophic levels in the food chain and consume multiple prey species that may contain harmful substances. As these toxins, such as heavy metals or persistent organic pollutants, accumulate in the organisms they eat, their concentration increases in the bodies of top consumers—a process known as biomagnification. This heightened exposure can lead to severe health issues, including reproductive failures, immune system damage, and increased mortality rates. Consequently, the ecological integrity of entire ecosystems can be threatened due to the vulnerability of these key species.

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