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After the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, socialists in Germany became divided over the direction of the new republic. The more moderate Social Democratic Party (SPD) favored collaboration with the existing political structure to stabilize the country, while the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and other factions called for a more revolutionary approach and immediate socialist reforms. This schism was rooted in differing ideologies regarding the pace of change and the methods to achieve a socialist society, leading to conflicts over the future of Germany in the post-war period. The tensions culminated in events like the Spartacist uprising in January 1919, highlighting the deep divisions within the socialist movement.

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