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Deskilling is the process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers. Work is fragmented, and individuals lose the integrated skills and comprehensive knowledge of the crafts persons.[1] Examples include CNC machine tools replacing machinists and assembly line workers replacing artisans and craftsmen. Answer by: Saleem Mughal Lahore Pakistan
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What is the deskilling in petroleum engineering?
please answare me now
That technology is deskilling humanity?
While technology can automate certain tasks and reduce the need for certain skills, it also creates opportunities for new skills to be developed. Advances in technology can lead to increased productivity, creativity, and innovation. It is important for individuals to adapt and acquire new skills to keep up with the changing technological landscape.
What are the advantages of deskilling?
The Dull repetitive work is eliminated New jobs created [but only for the correctly skilled people] More opportunities for women Better quality products that are cheaper for the public more leisure time as the workers are able to produce the same number of objects in a shorter time
How were Northern mills and Southern plantations connected?
The Southern plantations were connected to the Northern mills because without the Southern plantations, the Northern Factories would have no crop to turn into products. For example, cotton would be picked by the slaves on the Southern plantations, and then be brought up to the Northern factories in order to mass produce such things like clothing. This occurred especially during the time of the Industrial Revolution when factories were becoming more abundant and the deskilling of laborers was rising. Resulting from the Industrial Revolution, many people and immigrants sought factory work, and this also increased the amount of slaves that were needed. Also, such things like the Lowell Mill came about, and the Interchangeable parts flourished.
What are some four letter words with 2nd letter W and 3rd letter E and 4th letter E?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 3 words with the pattern -WEE. That is, four letter words with 2nd letter W and 3rd letter E and 4th letter E. In alphabetical order, they are: awee swee twee
How successful were unions?
From the period of 1875 to 1900, factory work was harsh with low pay and also included an inhumane environment. The economy was growing by 4% due to such things as increase of natural resources like coal, iron, ore, copper, lead, timber and oil. Entrepreneurs began to develop, gaining more money then the Nation Government Also due to the growth in population from immigrants who were unskilled and traveling to the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe. These immigrants were taking factory jobs, and made it unable to seek other sources of work because they were now deskilled. New patents of labor saving technologies were being developed causing a decrease in the number of workers needed. With industrialization increasing, the economic class divided even more drastically between the rich to the poor. With the conditions of the factories, organized labor was created to deal with the problems of low pay, long hours and deskilling. Organized labor was not very successful in improving working conditions due to the fact that they suffered losses in strikes, as the management gained tools, one being the National Government, in breaking strikes. With the influx of immigrants, unskilled laborers willing to work for cheap were occupying factory jobs and were easily replaced. These immigrants were becoming part of an assembly line, and becoming deskilled, making it hard for these immigrants to look for employment other then in factories. Artisans and farmers were now rarely seen as factory work continued to deskill workers. Deskilled laborers had trouble joining Unions and fighting for humane working conditions due to the fact that they wanted to prevent themselves from being blacklisted. Then they would eventually never be able to find a source of work because all of the factories were warned and told not to hire that specific person. Once the Railroad Company at Baltimore and Ohio began to hurt due to the depression, wages were cut by 10% causing the Railroad Strike of 1877 to occur, preventing the flow of trains. This was the beginning of the formation of Labor Unions, and showed the power of employers. It also increased the public awareness of the grievances of railroad workers. This was the first strike that needed government intervention, which was sent by President Hayes to end it. As a result, the company passes Employees' Relief Association, which covered such things as sickness, injury from accident, and a death benefit. The company also became the first to offer a pension plan in 1884. This may have been little success towards the Labor Unions, but such things as Homestead strike of 1892 proved there was little success. This strike started when Henry Clay Frick cut wages by 22% at the Carnegie Steel Plant. This then lead to a five-month lockout on June 30, 1892 in attempt of management defeating steelworkers. Scabs were used by the Carnegie Steel Company in order to keep the plant running, and ruin the chance of the Labor Unions gaining a victory. This strike may have been very violent, but it was well organized. Overall, this strike was unsuccessful for the Labor Unions because the workers were taken out of the steel plants. For the ones who went back to work, they were forced to sign a Yellow Dog Contract. Workers agreeing to not join Labor Unions used this contract to prevent the formation of Unions. If they got caught, they would be blacklisted and their names would be given to employers, enabling it hard for those workers to seek employment again. This prevented workers from joining Labor Unions. As wages were being cut in other companies such as the Pullman Company, workers were beginning to become perturbed. Employees worked with Eugene Debs in the American Railroad Union, and launched a boycott, which resulted in a lockout. They also directed railroad workers to not handle any trains with Pullman cars. Railroad owners supported Pullman, and linked mail trains to Pullman cars. Federal Court then stepped in created the court case known as In re Debs. This case gave the government the right to regulate interstate commerce, and ensue actions of the Postal Service. It also gave the Federal Government power to break strikes. The government then got involved, and ended the strike giving employers a very powerful weapon to break unions. Due to the Federal Government being involved, management always won against striking Labor Unions. Strikes were failing, as lower wages continuously were cut, causing an even more agitated work force. Eventually leading to the more fighting, and the dieing down the Labor Unions.
What are some accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt?
President: Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 - January 6, 1919)Term: September 14, 1901 - March 4, 1909Background: He attended Harvard College in 1876 and later became a Sunday school teacher. He then went to Columbia Law School and dropped out to follow his goals of entering public life. Roosevelt also published his first book called The Navel War of 1812 while at Harvard. Roosevelt also served in the Spanish-American war in 1898 and earned the rank of Colonel in the commands of the Rough Riders. Roosevelt was Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1898. He then went on to become the 33rd Governor of New York from January 1, 1899 to December 31, 1900.Political Party: Republican (1897-1912), Progressive Party (1912-1916)Vice-President: None (1901-1905), Charles W. Fairbanks (1905-1909)Major Domestic Policy: Roosevelt's presidency mostly consisted of his ideas of the Square Deal on supporting middle class and Progressive ideas, regulating Business Monopolies, and enforcing the Anti-Trust act and hopes of protecting the common people. Also towards farmers, consumers, workers, and business owners have equal treatment and opportunity to succeed. During his Presidency, Roosevelt promoted anti-trust suits and even started actions against 44 big businesses. He stated that "bad" trust had to be taken care of, while "good" trust should be encouraged. With the Coal Strike 1902, he had a chance to display his attitude towards monopolies. When the owners of the monopolies refused to follow the demands of the strikers, Roosevelt threatened to take the mines. The monopolies then decided on giving the miners benefits such as a 10 percent raise. Roosevelt then looked towards the betterment of forest. With the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 Presidents now had the power to save land for National Parks and by more than 150 million acres. Also during Roosevelt's presidency was the rise of the muckrakers with famous leaders such as Lincoln Stephens, Ida Tarbell and Frank Norris. Muckrakers were now able to publish their stories in the public newspaper and to the press such as McClure's History of the Standard Oil Company and Collier Series of Articles on Patent Medicines. With the writing of "The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair, the government finally realized the unclean conditions that food was kept. Hence, the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed creating regiments on the cleanliness of food and the conditions of its locations. Roosevelt attacked trust and the Hepburn Act in 1906 was created to regulate railroads.Major Foreign Policy: Roosevelt's presidency consisted mostly of the pressing need for the canal across Central America. America realized this during the Spanish American War when the U.S.S. Oregon sailed from the American Coast in the West to Cuba, but by the time the ship reached Cuba, the war was finished. The canal was then opened in 1921 although it was completed before that time. Roosevelt also expanded the Monroe Doctrine in order to make new agreements with European Nations. Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if America and its protectorates receive problems and complications with other Nations, then America can handle its own issues and will not need the aid from foreign Countries. Roosevelt's Corollary came into use during the Dominican Republican financial crisis, when the Dominican Republic was struck by economic instability and turmoil. European nations were more in demand financially over the Dominican Republic; America got involved and dismantled the tariffs. This then resulted happily and all debt was paid of in two years. At the time that Roosevelt discovered Russia and Japan wanted peace, he then organized a meeting in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and required Russia and Japan to compromise. This resulted with Roosevelt receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.Court Case:• Northern Securities Co. v. United States (1904)-Ruled that stockholders of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies were unauthorized.• Lochner v. New York (1905)-Held that bakers working hours were not allowed to be regulated under the 14th Amendment.• Swift & Co. v. United States (1905)-Held that under the Commerce Clause, the government is eligible to regulate monopolies only if it has an effect on commerce.• Adair v. United States (1907)-Declared the Erdman Act unconstitutional because it violated the 5th amendment under the due process clause of the right to freedom of contract and property rights.• Muller v. Oregon (1908)-The limited working hours for women was held as constitutional under the 14th Amendment because it was for protecting women's health and rights.Intellectual and Social Developments:• The Great industrial merger movement occurred during the 1900's as immigrants were seen occupying a majority of factory work causing an increase of deskilling and factory lines.• The Industrial Workers of the World developed in 1905.• Women began voicing their opinions as they sought towards social reform and the struggle for civil rights was now revitalized.• Muckraking journalism occurred as Muckrakers began bring issues to the public.• Vaudeville's were formed as more movies sought towards taking a more comic approach.• Progressivism in national politics occurred.• The United States gained the land to create the Canal in 1903.Roosevelt's Legacy: Roosevelt will always be known as the "trust buster" because of the fact that he was well respected in office and used his power efficiently after the assassination of McKinley. He was known as the first modern president due to his influence he has created on receiving presidency. Roosevelt helped towards gaining more power to the executive branch as he slowly eased it away from the Congress helping government. While in office, Roosevelt believed that government should be reformable towards all people. He will also be remembered for his charisma that he brought to office and how he understood the public and the media to catch the public's attention. His election was the first presidency that was based on the individual other then the political party.
What was theodore roosevelt's occupation?
He was a glass dealer
Discuss The role of Scientific methods in operations management?
Frederick Taylor is the person who is most often associated with the system labeled scientific management, and indeed, he was the originator of this set of concepts. However, there were others in the field of scientific management who had as much if not greater effect on the workplace. According to Sullivan (1987), Taylor's work not only represented the beginning of the managerial era in industrial production but also signaled the end of the craft era in the United States.According to Hirschhorn (1984), Taylor's work highlights the relationship between rationalization in general and labor-control methods in particular. In Taylor's (1911) book, The Principles of Scientific Management, he discussed what he called a struggle for control of production between management and labor. To control production, he developed methods for the measure and design of machining methods as part of a general plan for increasing the planning functions of management. Taylor's fundamental concept and guiding principle was to design a production system that would involve both men and machines and that would be as efficient as a well-designed, well-oiled machine (Hughes, 1989). Time studies were used to allow management to take control of the operations, thereby controlling production methods, and, by default, production. This system required that management should take a more active role in the factory and, through engineers and salaried foremen, take greater control over operations. Skilled craftsmen and foremen had to give up their power (Hirschhorn, 1984).Taylor developed his principles of management while a machinist and foreman at the Midvale Steel Company of Philadelphia. Taylor was bothered by, what was called as the time, "worker soldiering." (Worker soldiering refers to the practice of purposely stalling or slowing down work by the workers.) Taylor believed that the objective of workers when they stalled was to keep "their employers ignorant of how fast work can be done" (cited in Hughes, 1989, p. 190).Taylor began his assault on "worker soldiering" by doing time studies of workers while they were undertaking their production activity. Taylor timed the workers' actions with a stopwatch. However, he did not time the entire job; instead, he broke down complex sequences of motions into what he labeled the elementary ones. He then timed the elementary actions as were performed by the workers he considered to be efficient in their movements. Having timed and analyzed the movements, he combined these elementary motions into a new set of complex motions that he insisted should be used by all workers. These calculations determined the piecework rate with bonuses paid for better rates and penalties taken for slower work. As Carl Barth, a disciple of Taylor noted in his testimony to the U.S. Commission of Industrial Relations,"My dream is that the time will come when every drill press will be speeded just so, and every planer, every lathe the world over will be harmonized just like musical pitches are the same all over the world...so that we can standardize and say that for drilling a 1-inch hole the world over will be done with the same speed...That dream will come true, some time" (Barth, 1914, p. 889).Taylor did not limit his method to the worker--he organized the redesign of the entire factory by removing control over operations from foremen and placing this control in a centralized planning department to be staffed with engineers. The planning department prepared detailed instructions about the machines and methods to be used and how long the job should take. Using sets of instruction cards (route slips) and reports, the planning department was able to produce a overall picture of the flow of parts in the plant--this activity was the beginning of formalized routing and scheduling in the factory.Althought Taylor designed Scientific Management to resolve problems in the workplace, the effects of Scientific Management spread from the factory to everyday life. We will discuss the results of "Taylorism" in four different sections that are listed below.Effects of Scientific ManagementThe immediate result of scientific management, according to Drucker (1967b) was a drastic cut in the cost of manufactured goods (1/10 to 1/20 of the previous manufactured cost). This allowed goods to be purchased by more people. Also, scientific management allowed the raising of wages (even while the cost of the product was dropping). This movement also caused a shift in the factories from unskilled laborer, usually paid at a subsistence wage, to machine operator, who was more highly paid.A full version of Taylorism spread only slowly through the factory. As late as 1914 Robert Hoxie (cited in Hirschhorn, 1984) wrote that "no single shop was found which could be said to represent fully and faithfully the Taylor system as presented in the treatise on shop management." Taylor had lasting influence through his development of traditional manufacturing practices. In machine shops, for example, owners began to devise routing slips, inventory tracking methods, and an entire range of techniques for organizing production. These new techniques were inspired by the work of Taylor and the principles of scientific management.Taylor's role in the history of industrial management is complex and still debated today. In industrial circles, he represented the transition from 19th century to 20th century manufacturing techniques. He was one of the first industrial managers who perceived "the interrelated character of the new manufacturing systems and the need for a disciplined, comprehension change if the manufacturer and the industrial sector were to attain the optimum results" (Nelson, 1980, p. 199). Few plants introduced his complete system but thousands of plants introduced elements of scientific management: time study methods; new machine tool practices; methods for managing tools, materials, machines, supervisors, and workers; and formal planning departments.Scientific management became more widespread after World War I as professional managers moved into high management positions. The formation of bureaucratic organizations with middle management positions changed the role of the shop foreman and reduced his power. By the 1920s, big business executives were promoting the new factory management system and, by the late 1920s, the nation's most prominent labor leaders had become exponents of this "humanized" scientific management. Perhaps the most important legacy of Taylor and scientific management is the discipline that grew out of this field: industrial engineering. Industrial engineers today are still taught the methods of scientific management including time and motion studies, job-tasks analysis, wage-incentive determination, and detailed production planning. With respect to the field of operation research and management,"Taylor's work had importance in ways directly germane to operations research. His contributions, great as they were intrinsically, were even more valuable in revealing the merit of creating elements of organization whose object was not the performance of operations, but their analysis: It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of this first basic step: the formation of organizations for research on operations...his work led to better decisions than those which were possible, and in most cases, necessary before" (George, 1968, pp. 151-152).Reaction to "Taylorism" Taylor's methods and his views of the worker met with resistance from labor. Taylor believed that the success of his methods depended on management controlling and replacing the craft knowledge held by workers with a systematized method of production. However, workers did not accept Taylor's methods readily. In fact, as Taylor himself wrote, his attempt to redesign the work process "immediately started a war...which as time went on grew more and more bitter" (cited in Lasch, 1987, p. 80).Despite the fact that Taylor's complete system was never fully implemented, he still had the most effect on the relations between management and labor in manufacturing organizations. Taylorism changed the relations between management and labor by changing the position of labor in the firm. Unorganized and unskilled workers bore much of the brunt of the advance of scientific management in the factory (Haber, 1964). The new system demanded that workers produced at higher speeds and with increased subordination to management. Skilled labor was replaced by cheap, easily trained and replaceable workers who came predominately from the so-called new immigrants (Ramirez, 1978). This deskilled labor was then disposable to management."The state of the labor market therefore gave businessmen and efficiency experts the necessary maneuvering space to introduce new methods of work and production and new wage structures and to select the workers who were most readily willing to adapt to them or, to put it in the common business jargon of the time, to perform 'the weeding out of the less efficient workmen.' In addition, welfare experts and personnel managers could more freely put into operation programs designed to adjust their work force, stabilize their labor relations, and boost the productivity of their enterprises" (Ramirez, 1978, p. 133).In addition to the response from workers to Taylor's methods, his goals and methods drew criticism from politicians, industrialists , and humanists. Dos Passos, a prominent American writer of this period, recognized that Taylor's methods led to the deskilling of work. Also, he questioned the value that Taylor placed on abundance and the need for it in American society. "more steel rails more bicycles more spools of thread more armorplate for battleships more bedpans more barbed wire more needles more lightningrods more ballbearings more dollarbills (Dos Passos, 1936, p. 24).Other critics of Taylor differed with his view that the interests of workers were identical to those of managers. These critics held Taylor responsible for a subjugation of workers to a kind of industrial slavery."Taylorism" and Organized Labor. In manufacturing, the efficiency movement caused an increase in output per unit of labor, between 1907 and 1915, of 33 percent a year, compared to an annual average increase of 9.9 percent between 1900 and 1907 (Ramirez, 1978). In addition, this "process of rationalization" of the workplace had an anti-working class character. Through the scientific management methods, workers were treated as machines, devalued, and paid less money for their efforts. A consequence of this treatment of workers was the rise of the unions and increased strikes and unrest among workers. One of the most famous strikes was against U.S. Steel in 1909, when more than 3,500 unorganized, mass production workers revolted against the inhuman working conditions produced by that company's efficiency drive which included a new mass production line and a piece rate system that resulted in speed-ups and a reduction in take home pay for most workers.Interestingly, later, the principles of scientific management were accepted by organized labor who considered Taylor's principles a means for protecting jobs and controlling members (Sullivan, 1987). Using these principles, increased specialization in production enabled the unions to emphasize job control and worker rights in the shop floor. "This mass production model of shop-floor control depends on two key assumptions: a job is a precisely defined series of tasks; and seniority is the criterion for the allocation of jobs" (Sullivan, 1987, p. 96). As industrial unions took root across the United States, wage and job security provisions were established through collective bargaining by using sharply defined job tasks.
What did Roosevelt do during his presidency?
He ordered the imprisonment of the Japaneese,Italian and German Americans. That order was called Executive Order 9066,and was issued onFebruary 19,1942, by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The main objective was to prevent civil uprising and harassment of ths nationalities associated with the Axis powers. Many were not American citizens
