How Is Glass Made what are the steps?

Answer 1

Commercially produced glass can be classified as soda-lime, lead, fused silica, borosilicate, or 96 percent silica. Soda-lime glass consists of sand, limestone, soda ash, and cullet (broken glass). The manufacture of such glass is in four phases: (1) preparation of raw material (2) melting in a furnace, (3) forming and (4) finishing. The procedures for manufacturing glass are the same for all products except forming and finishing. Container glass and pressed and blown glass, 51 and 25 percent respectively of total soda-lime glass production, use pressing, blowing or pressing and blowing to form the desired product. Flat glass, which is the remainder, is formed by float, drawing, or rolling processes. As the sand, limestone, and soda ash raw materials are received, they are crushed and stored in separate elevated bins. These materials are then transferred through a gravity feed system to a weigher and mixer, where the material is mixed with cullet to ensure homogeneous melting. The mixture is conveyed to a batch storage bin where it is held until dropped into the feeder to the melting furnace. All equipment used in handling and preparing the raw material is housed separately from the furnace and is usually referred to as the batch plant. A furnace may have either side or end ports that connect brick checkers to the inside of the melter. As material enters the melting furnace through the feeder, it floats on the top of the molten glass already in the furnace. As it melts, it passes to the front of the melter and eventually flows through a throat leading to the refiner. In the refiner, the molten glass is heat conditioned for delivery to the forming process. After refining, the molten glass leaves the furnace through forehearths (except in the float process, with molten glass moving directly to the tin bath) and goes to be shaped by pressing, blowing, pressing and blowing, drawing, rolling, or floating to produce the desired product. Pressing and blowing are performed mechanically, using blank molds and glass cut into sections (gobs) by a set of shears. In the drawing process, molten glass is drawn upward in a sheet through rollers, with thickness of the sheet determined by the speed of the draw and the configuration of the draw bar. The rolling process is similar to the drawing process except that the glass is drawn horizontally on plain or patterned rollers and, for plate glass, requires grinding and polishing. The end product undergoes finishing (decorating or coating) and annealing (removing unwanted stress areas in the glass) as required, and is then inspected and prepared for shipment to market.

Answer 2

That's a huge question that depends on what you mean specifically.

If you mean glass in general, then the answer is that glass in the 19th century was basically made the same way it's been made for thousands of years.

Glass batch is the raw mixture of silica sand, flux, stabilizers, decolourants or alternatively colourants. This was added to a furnace and melted into the glass mass.

The difference in 19th century glass manufacture was that coal and gas were started to be used as a fuel for the furnace and glass manufacture began to be mechanized.

Answer 3

first sand is heated to thosands of degrees until it melts

second the glass is blown or flated

and then they shine the glass