How are cells cloned?

Answer 1

1

Eggs are coaxed to mature in a culture dish. Each has a remnant egg cell called the polar body and cumulus cells from the ovary clinging to it. 2

While an egg is held still with a pipette, a needle is used to drill through the zona pellucida, removing a plug. 3

After ejecting the zona plug, the needle is inserted back in the egg through the hole to withdraw and discard the polar body and the egg's genetic material. 4

A cumulus cell from another egg is taken up into the needle. Cells called fibroblasts (or their nuclei) can also be used in this step. 5

The cumulus cell is injected deep into the egg that has been stripped of its genetic material. 6

The injected egg is exposed to a mixture of chemicals and growth factors designed to activate it to divide. 7

After roughly 24 hours, the activated egg begins dividing. The cells contain genetic material only from the injected cumulus cell. 8

By the fourth or fifth day, a hollow ball of roughly 100 cells has formed. It holds a clump of cells called the inner cell mass that contains stem cells. 9

The blastocyst is broken open, and the inner cell mass is grown in a culture dish to yield stem cells. 10

The stem cells, in turn, can be coaxed to grow into a variety of cells that might one day be injected into patients.

Answer 2

1

Eggs are coaxed to mature in a culture dish. Each has a remnant egg cell called the polar body and cumulus cells from the ovary clinging to it. 2

While an egg is held still with a pipette, a needle is used to drill through the zona pellucida, removing a plug. 3

After ejecting the zona plug, the needle is inserted back in the egg through the hole to withdraw and discard the polar body and the egg's genetic material. 4

A cumulus cell from another egg is taken up into the needle. Cells called fibroblasts (or their nuclei) can also be used in this step. 5

The cumulus cell is injected deep into the egg that has been stripped of its genetic material. 6

The injected egg is exposed to a mixture of chemicals and growth factors designed to activate it to divide. 7

After roughly 24 hours, the activated egg begins dividing. The cells contain genetic material only from the injected cumulus cell. 8

By the fourth or fifth day, a hollow ball of roughly 100 cells has formed. It holds a clump of cells called the inner cell mass that contains stem cells. 9

The blastocyst is broken open, and the inner cell mass is grown in a culture dish to yield stem cells. 10

The stem cells, in turn, can be coaxed to grow into a variety of cells that might one day be injected into patients. 1

Eggs are coaxed to mature in a culture dish. Each has a remnant egg cell called the polar body and cumulus cells from the ovary clinging to it. 2

While an egg is held still with a pipette, a needle is used to drill through the zona pellucida, removing a plug. 3

After ejecting the zona plug, the needle is inserted back in the egg through the hole to withdraw and discard the polar body and the egg's genetic material. 4

A cumulus cell from another egg is taken up into the needle. Cells called fibroblasts (or their nuclei) can also be used in this step. 5

The cumulus cell is injected deep into the egg that has been stripped of its genetic material. 6

The injected egg is exposed to a mixture of chemicals and growth factors designed to activate it to divide. 7

After roughly 24 hours, the activated egg begins dividing. The cells contain genetic material only from the injected cumulus cell. 8

By the fourth or fifth day, a hollow ball of roughly 100 cells has formed. It holds a clump of cells called the inner cell mass that contains stem cells. 9

The blastocyst is broken open, and the inner cell mass is grown in a culture dish to yield stem cells. 10

The stem cells, in turn, can be coaxed to grow into a variety of cells that might one day be injected into patients.

Answer 3

Cloning refers to making multiple identical copies of the gene. Before cloning, we have to create recombinant DNA. Every chromosome has a specific DNA sequence from where replication starts. So for the multiplication of any alien piece of DNA it has to be a part of a chromosome having specific sequence called origin of replication. Firstly, to get our gene of interest, we have to cut it at specific sequence which is responsible for the character with the help of molecular scissors called restriction enzymes. The cut DNA is then linked with the plasmid DNA. Plasmid is an autonomously replicating extra chromosomal DNA in bacteria called salmonella typhimurium. This plasmid DNA acts as a vector. The recombinant gene is linked with the plasmid DNA with the help of the enzyme DNA ligase. This makes new combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro and this is known as recombinant DNA. Then it is transferred into the host and it can replicate using the new host's DNA polymerase enzyme and make multiple identical copies and this is how gene cloning is performed.

Answer 4

They extract it from an living or dead cell of any organism, or it can be made artificially by joining the amino acids in desiered condition in laboratory.

Answer 5

Cloning is the genetic reproduction of an animal or plant.

More:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning

Wikipedia = Win

Answer 6

Remove the DNA from a fertilized egg cell and replace it with another strand of DNA...It will gro and then you have a clone of whoever's DNA you used.

Answer 7

1. extract DNA from a cell

2. modify the DNA

3. insert DNA into an empty egg cell

4. import the egg cell into a "parent"

Answer 8

In general they clone themselves;

that's how you got from a single celled organism to the multi-trillion celled being that you are now.