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Heat does not exist at the level of atoms, at the level of the atom its kinetic energy; which is only observed as heat at the macroscopic/bulk level.

Atoms with more kinetic energy bounce harder against other atoms, transferring more kinetic energy to those atoms. This has two effects at the macroscopic/bulk level, where heat is observed:

  • direct transfer of kinetic energy results in diffusion of heat, called conduction
  • kinetic energy pushes the atoms further apart causing a reduction in density, enabling a process called convectionif the liquid is accelerating or in a gravitational field
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