One a US customary ruler, the increments are usually in eighths or sixteenths of an inch. Few rulers would have increments that are smaller.
inches in customary units
A metric ruler is 30 cm in length. This type of ruler is commonly called a metric foot ruler because it is similar in length to a one foot ruler.
You will not find 4.78 inches on a ruler. The graduations for inches are numbered and these are usually subdivided into 10. So 4.78 inches will be a tine fraction short of the eighth division after the 4 inch mark.
They are called measurements. Like witha ruler or stop watch.
Just a "smidge" under 3 11/16 inches. That's as close as you're going to get it on a ruler based on 1/16th inch increments. (From a graphic artist who has struggled with this one forever.)
The customary ruler uses both inches and centimeters.
I looks like they are just called 'Ruler Markings', from everything that I can find. That's all I've known them as.
a straightedge need not have measuring increments (inches, centimeters, etc.) while a ruler is a straightedge with measuring increments
a ruler
Usually, yes. They are shown as marks but not numbered. They appear on the metric scale, but it is centimetres (= 10 mm) that are numbered. Up to 30 on a 1 ft ruler, to 15 on a 6" ruler.
Usually on one side they are centimetres (numbered) with millimeters (marked but not numbered). On the other side there are inches (numbered) with eighths or tenths or sixteenths or even thirty-secondths (marked but not numbered).
On a standard ruler, 0.71 inches is located just slightly past the 0.7-inch mark. Since a ruler is typically marked in increments of 1/16 or 1/8 of an inch, you may need to estimate between the 0.7 and 0.75-inch marks, which are usually labeled. It’s approximately two-thirds of the way between these two increments.
The markers on a measuring ruler are commonly referred to as "graduations" or "ticks." These markings indicate specific measurement increments, such as inches or centimeters, allowing users to determine lengths accurately. The longer marks typically represent larger units, while shorter marks indicate smaller subdivisions.
inches in customary units
To determine if one ruler is more precise than another, you can compare the smallest unit of measurement each ruler can accurately display. A ruler with smaller increments (e.g., millimeters) allows for more precise measurements than one with larger increments (e.g., centimeters). Additionally, you can test the rulers by measuring the same object multiple times and observing the consistency of the readings. The ruler that produces more consistent and finer measurements is considered more precise.
Different rulers will have different increments, so we can't give a definitive answer - however - I would expect the ruler to at least mark off the centimeters with larger lines and then probably use smaller lines as millimeter increments. Some rulers could use even smaller increments such as half millimeters but I've never personally seen any rulers that went for tenths of a millimeter. When I need to get to that kind of precision I always opt for a different measuring tool such as a micrometer.
a ruler is called "Fürst"