Study the inheritance of traits that are not seen as a phenotype
Because If they don't, the scientists won't know what the difference is in.Example:You have two glasses of water. One is labeled control.The other is labeled salt. The one labeled controlhas nothing added to it. The one labeled salt has salt added to it. Is there a difference between the two glasses?If an experiment has a control in it, that means the scientist needs to know if there is a difference in the experiment.
The amplitude of a wave is generally labeled 'A'.
Its possible it kills all of the germs, probably it did in many trials however in some cases it cannot in which it must be labeled 99 percent.
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Radioactive nucleotide
DNA polymerase
To create radioactively labeled DNA, the molecule that must be labeled is a nucleotide. Specifically, one of the nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) can be modified to include a radioactive isotope, such as phosphorus-32 or tritium. When these labeled nucleotides are incorporated into a DNA strand during replication or synthesis, the entire DNA molecule becomes radioactively labeled. This technique is often used in molecular biology for various applications, including tracking DNA synthesis and conducting hybridization experiments.
Scintillation counter
scintillation counter. APEX
Geiger Counter
The DNA separated into two classes: labeled DNA and unlabeled DNA. The labeled DNA contains the radioactively labeled nucleotides that were incorporated during DNA replication, while the unlabeled DNA represents the original, non-radioactively labeled DNA from the bacteria. The centrifugation process separated the DNA based on density, with the heavier labeled DNA migrating to a higher position in the centrifuge tube compared to the unlabeled DNA.
In the experiment, the scientist uses a radioactively labeled probe derived from yeast DNA to identify complementary sequences in a sample. The probe hybridizes to a small segment, indicating that this segment contains sequences complementary to the yeast DNA. This hybridization suggests a potential relationship or functional similarity between the yeast DNA and the target segment, which could lead to further investigations into gene function or evolutionary relationships. The results can provide insights into genetic expression or regulatory mechanisms in the organism being studied.
ER golgi vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Radioactively tagged bacteriophages are used to confirm that DNA, not protein, is injected into host cells during infection. The radioactively labeled DNA can be detected inside the host cells after infection, providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material transferred by the bacteriophages. This experiment was crucial in establishing DNA as the genetic material in organisms.
The reaction that is commonly used to radioactively label DNA is the nick translation method, where a DNA molecule is treated with a DNA polymerase, dNTPs (including radioactive ones), and a DNAase to create radioactive labeled DNA fragments.
A radioactively labeled probe is made by attaching a radioactive isotope to a nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA or RNA, which is complementary to the target sequence of interest. This is typically done by incorporating the radioactive nucleotide during the synthesis of the probe or by labeling the probe post-synthesis through various chemical methods. The choice of isotope, such as phosphorus-32 or sulfur-35, depends on the specific application and detection requirements. After labeling, the probe can be used in techniques like hybridization to detect specific nucleic acid sequences in various biological samples.